Table 4.

Adjusted association between refraction procedures and spectacle quality among spectacle types (single vision distance and bifocals, n=178; single vision near, n=88)

	Single vision distance and bifocals				Single vision near
	n (%)	OR	95% CI	P value*	n (%)	OR	95% CI	P value*
Refractive status at baseline
Emmetropic	0/0 (0.0%)	NA			30/46 (65.2)	1.00
Hyperopia only	26/63 (41.3%)	1.00			7/42 (16.7)	0.01	0.00 to 0.11	<0.001
Myopia only	36/62 (58.1%)	2.92	1.33 to 6.42	0.008	0/0 (0.0)	NA
Astigmatism only/myopic astigmatism	19/53 (35.8%)	8.44	0.21 to 347.46	0.261	0/0 (0.0)	NA
Focimetry
Not performed	1/30 (3.3%)	1.00			6/23 (26.1)	1.00
Performed	80/148 (54.1%)	26.50	4.52 to 155.50	<0.001	31/65 (47.7%)	20.65	3.61 to 118.10	0.001
Autorefraction
Performed	68/134 (50.7%)	1.00			33/75 (44.0)	1.00
Not performed	13/44 (29.5%)	0.47	0.20 to 1.12	0.088	4/13 (30.8)	0.23	0.03 to 1.73	0.154
Distance subjective refraction
Spherical and cylinder power not tested	1/19 (5.3%)	1.00			28/51 (54.9)†	1.00
Only spherical component tested	61/106 (57.5%)	54.92	0.88 to 3427.03	0.058	9/37 (24.3)	1.31	0.04 to 39.98	0.878
Only cylinder tested	10/14 (71.4%)	80.83	4.69 to 1391.72	0.002
Sphere and cylinder tested	9/39 (23.1%)	4.29	0.50 to 36.81	0.184	0/0 (0.0)	NA
Near visual acuity
Not tested with distance lenses					29/54 (53.7)	1.00
Tested with distance lenses					8/34 (23.5)	2.88	0.13 to 61.35	0.499
Near subjective refraction
Not performed					2/5 (40.0)	1.00
Performed					35/83 (42.2)	0.57	0.05 to 5.97	0.636

*Assessed via multivariable logistic regression with robust standard errors to account for intraservice correlation.

†Includes one visit where only the cylindrical component was checked during distance subjective refraction.

n, number of spectacles with optimal quality.