Table 2.

Metformin and GLP-1R agonists in reducing asthma symptoms.

	In Vivo (Asthmatic Murine Studies)	In Vivo (Obese Asthmatic Murine Studies)	Retrospective Studies (Concurrent Asthma and Diabetes)
Metformin	↓ Lung infiltration of eosinophils, peribronchial fibrosis, smooth muscle layer thickening, mucus secretion, cytokine secretion in BALF	↓ TNF-α-induced inflammation and NF-κB-mediated iNOs expression in lungs ↓ Airway hyper-responsiveness, weight gain, fat gain, insulin levels data	↓ Asthma exacerbation ↓ Asthma-related hospitalization and ED visit
GLP-1R agonists	↓ IL-33 expression and secretion ↓ ILC2 activation ↓ Chemokines and cytokines ↓ Eosinophilia, mucus secretion, airway hyper-reactivity	↓ IL-33 and TSLP secretion ↓ ILC2 activation ↓ Chemokines and cytokines ↓ Eosinophils and neutrophils ↓ Airway hyper-reactivity ↓ ICAM-1 expression in lung epithelial and endothelial cells	↓ Asthma exacerbation

↓—decrease. Abbreviation: BALF: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; IL: interleukin; ILC2: innate lymphoid cells type 2; TNF-α: tumor necrotic factor-α; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; iNOs: inducible nitric oxide synthase; TSLP: thymic stromal lymphopoietin; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1; and ED: emergency visit.