| 5-HT | serotonin |
| AE | adverse effects |
| AOM | acute otitis media |
| FOS | fructo-oligosaccharides |
| GABA | gamma-aminobutyric acid |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GOS | galacto-oligosaccharides |
| IL | interleukin |
| IT | intratympanic |
| OM | otitis media |
| RCT | randomized control trial |
| SNHL | sensorineural hearing loss |
| SOM | suppurative otitis media |
| TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
| WHO | World health organization |
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