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. 2023 Sep 22;11(10):2603. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11102603

Table 1.

Comparison between human symptoms and animal models.

Symptoms in Humans Behavioral Test Main Parameters in Rodents References
Impaired social interaction Three-chamber sociability test Time and fr. near stimulus animal [70]
Social interaction test Time and fr. of social interactions
Deficient communication MS-USV USV [71]
Repetitive behavior MBT Number of buried marbles, time of digging [73]
Self-grooming Grooming time and fr. in OFT [74]
Comorbidity Motor functions Rotarod Latency to fall [75]
Erasmus Ladder Number of missteps [76]
DigiGait Stance stride length and steps/sec [77]
Delay eyeblink conditioning test Successful conditioned response, blink amplitude and blinking speed [77]
Anxiety OFT Total distance, time in center [72]
EPM Time and fr. in arms [72]
Pain sensitivity Hot plate test Withdraw latency [78]
Tail flick test Withdraw latency [78]

Abbreviations: EPM: elevated plus maze; fr.: frequency; MBT: marble burying test; MS-USV: maternal separation-induced ultrasonic vocalization; OFT: open-field test; USV: ultrasonic vocalization.