Table 2.

Animal models of autism with possible contribution of vasopressin.

Model			Major Problems	References
Type	Name/Implicated Molecule
Genetic models	KO	OTR	soc.	[57]
		CNTNAP2	soc., com.	[128]
		MAGEL2	soc.	[129]
		OPRM1	soc.	[130,131]
		Klf7	soc., rep.	[132]
	Fragile X	FMR1	soc., rep., motor problem, mood	[40]
	Rett syndrome	MECP2	soc., com.	[133]
	Tuberous sclerosis	TSC1, TSC2	soc., rep.; cerebellum; V2 antagonist	[134]
	Indirect evidence	NLGN mutations	soc., rest., com.	[103,135]
		TSHZ3 KO	soc., rep., narrowness of the field of interest	[68,105]
		GLUT3 KO	soc., rep., com., memory problems	[111,112]
		parvalbumin KO	soc., rep., com.	[136,137]
		GAP43	soc., resistance to change	[138,139]
		SERT variants	soc., rep.	[140,141,142,143]
Environmental models	Drugs	VPA	soc., rep., com.	[144,145]
	Maternal infection and inflammation	poly I:C	soc., rep.	[146,147]
		LPS	soc.	[148,149]
		MIA	soc.	[147]

Abbreviations: CNTNAP2: Contactin Associated Protein 2; Com: communication problems; Fragile Mental Retardation 1 locus (FMR1); GAP43: synaptic growth-associated protein-43; GLUT3: neuronal glucose transporter isoform 3; klf7: Krüppel-like factor 7; KO: knockout; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAGEL2: Melanoma Antigen Gene Family Member L2; MIA: maternal immune activation; methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MECP2), NLGN: neuroligin; rep: repetitive behavior; poly I:C: polyriboinosinic: polyribocytidylic acid; OPRM1: μ opioid receptor; soc: social problems; TSC: tuberous sclerosis complex; TSHZ3: a zinc-finger transcription factor; VPA: valproate [59].