Table 1.

Influence of GM on human health.

Disease Types	Fruit Bioactives	Microbiota Influence	Others’ Influence	Conclusions	Reference
IBD	Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) Fruit Polysaccharides	Relative abundance of Gram-positive bacteria ↓ Proteus and Spirospiral spp. ↓	Acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid ↑ JNK, ERK, and NF-κB phosphorylation ↓ LPS, TNF-α, and IL-17 ↓	Gut microecological balance to inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways.	[19]
IBD	Acacetin, a Natural Dietary Flavonoid	Proteus and Shigella spp. ↓	Alleviates body weight loss, diarrhea, colon shortening, inflammatory infiltration, and histological injury TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and iONS ↓	Inhibit the inflammatory response and regulate the GM.	[20]
CRC	/	Genus Klebsiella ↑ Abundances of Klebsiella ↑ Abundance of phylum Proteobacteria ↓	/	There are differences in intestinal microflora between patients with colorectal cancer and normal people after treatment, and the microbial diversity is reduced, which makes them more sensitive.	[21]
Obesity	Total Flavonoids of Quzhou Fructus Aurantii Extract	Genera Akkermansia, Alistipes ↑ Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio; Genera Dubosiella, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus ↓	Reduced obesity, inflammation, and liver steatosis TC, TG, and OTGG ↓ Phospho-P65, phospho-IKKα/β, TNF-α, and COX-2 ↓	Utilizing prebiotics as dietary supplements to regulate the GM.	[22]
Obesity	Anthocyanin Monomer from Lycium ruthenicum Murray. Fruit	Abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae, Helicobacteraceae, and Deferribacteraceae ↑ Abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae ↓	Control the increase in fat and weight. ALT, AST, TG, and LDL-C ↓ LPS, IL-6, and IL-1β ↓	Anthocyanins can maintain the integrity of intestinal barrier and regulate GM.	[23]
Diagnosed Diabetics	/	Lactobacillus ↑ Abundance of Megasphaera, Escherichia, and Acidaminococcus ↑ Akkermansia, Blautia, and Ruminococcus ↓ Abundance of Sutterella ↓	LPS and IL-6 ↑	The intestinal flora of diabetic patients at different stages tends to recover to normal people after treatment.	[24]
Diagnosed Diabetics		Blautia obeum and Blautia wexlerae ↑ Bacteroides dorei, Coprococcus eutactus, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Bacteroides spp. ↓	3,8-dihydroxy-urolithin (urolithin A), phenyl-γ-valerolactones, and various phenolic acid concentrations ↓	The change of microbial composition is closely related to diabetes control.	[25]
AD	/	Escherichia and Enterococcus ↑ Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Ruminococcus ↓	TNF-α and IL-6 ↑	The abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria increases, thus releasing inflammatory factors.	[26]
PD	Probiotic Supplement	Christensenella spp. and Marseille-P2437 ↑ g_Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group, g_Eubacterium_hallii_group, and s_Odoribacter_sp._N54.MGS-14 ↓	/	Probiotics treatment can effectively improve the constipation symptoms of PD patients and positively affect the GM.	[27]
Autism Spectrum Disorders	/	Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria ↑ Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Prevotella_9, Blautia, and Subdoligranulum ↑	/	Gastrointestinal symptoms are positively correlated with autism symptoms, among which constipation is the most common.	[28]

Note: Arrows indicate changes in content or proportion, “↑” indicates increases, “↓” indicates decreases; “/” indicates no mention.