Figure 2.

In situ electrochemical liquid cell STEM visualization of the GC–electrolyte interface during cycling: (a) schematic illustration of the ec-LC-STEM setup used for electrochemical measurements, illuminated with a scanning electron beam and connected to an external potentiostat for performing the electrochemical measurements; (b) cyclic voltammograms obtained from the operando ec-LC-STEM cell showing charge–discharge from the GC electrode in LiPF₆/EC/EMC liquid electrolyte at a flow rate of 2.5 μL/min and cycled with a scan rate of 100 mV/s; (c, d) two typical ADF-STEM images of the GC–electrolyte interface before and after the first few cycles.