Table 2.

Common and uncommon precipitating factors associated with cardiogenic pulmonary edema.

✓ Uncontrolled hypertension ✓ Myocardial ischemia ✓Arrhythmias (i.e., atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response, ventricular tachycardia) ✓Systemic infection (especially pulmonary infection) ✓ Severe emotional or physical stress ✓ Vigorous intravenous fluid administration ✓ Worsening renal failure ✓ Severe anemia ✓Noncompliance with medications (e.g., diuretics) ✓ Thyrotoxicosis ✓Medications that reduce contractility (i.e., antiarrhythmic drugs, calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic blocking agents, anthracyclines, and other chemotherapeutic agents) ✓Cardiac toxins (i.e., alcohol, cocaine) ✓Use of sodium retaining medications (anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids) ✓ Excessive salt or water intake