Figure 3.

Changes in metabolite concentrations of kale juices fermented at 37 °C for 72 h. Metabolites were analyzed by ¹H-NMR. PKJ, pasteurized kale juice before fermentation. KJ-EFEL6901, KJ-EFEL6800, KJ-MG7011, and KJ-EFEL2061 corresponded to the kale juices fermented with Limosilactobacillus reuteri EFEL6901, L. fermentum EFEL6800, L. fermentum MG7011, and Leuconostoc citreum EFEL2061, respectively. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). Different letters indicate a significant difference in the same group at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s multiple range test.