Table 4.
Metabolite concentrations in fermented kale juice analyzed by 1H-NMR.
| Group | Metabolites | PKJ | KJ-EFEL6901 | KJ-EFEL6800 | KJ-MG7011 | KJ-EFEL2061 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Fructose | 0.65 ± 0.12 a | 0.08 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.03 b | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b |
| Glucose | 0.90 ± 0.04 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.04 ± 0.00 b | |
| Mannose | 0.16 ± 0.05 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.13 ± 0.04 b | 0.09 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | |
| Sucrose | 0.14 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.05 ± 0.04 b | 0.05 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | |
| Alcohols | Mannitol | 0.10 ± 0.01 ab | 1.23 ± 0.03 ab | 1.14 ± 0.05 a | 1.10 ± 0.02 a | 0.98 ± 0.02 ab |
| Ethanol | 0.24 ± 0.01 c | 1.74 ± 0.06 b | 2.98 ± 0.24 a | 2.25 ± 0.05 b | 1.42 ± 0.01 ab | |
| Organic acids |
Acetate | 0.19 ± 0.01 d | 3.24 ± 0.33 ab | 3.54 ± 0.11 a | 2.63 ± 0.13 c | 1.76 ± 0.25 b |
| Succinate | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 0.85 ± 0.04 b | 0.30 ± 0.01 c | 1.30 ± 0.17 a | 1.13 ± 0.03 a | |
| Lactate | 0.09 ± 0.01 d | 1.69 ± 0.21 a | 1.86 ± 0.03 a | 0.97 ± 0.01 c | 0.49 ± 0.02 b | |
| Propionate | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.54 ± 0.00 b | 0.71 ± 0.06 b | 0.63 ± 0.04 b | 0.84 ± 0.03 a | |
| Pyruvate | 0.07 ± 0.01 b | 0.08 ± 0.04 a | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.04 ± 0.00 ab | |
| Butyrate | 0.04 ± 0.00 c | 0.30 ± 0.01 b | 0.18 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.40 a | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | |
| Citrate | 0.12 ± 0.02 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | |
| Amino acids |
Aspartate | 1.40 ± 0.04 b | 1.08 ± 0.08 a | 0.04 ± 0.01 c | 0.03 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.01 c |
| Glutamate | 1.13 ± 0.11 b | 1.35 ± 0.07 a | 0.33 ± 0.02 c | 0.27 ± 0.01 c | 0.06 ± 0.00 d | |
| Cysteine | 0.06 ± 0.01 b | 0.17 ± 0.01 a | 0.12 ± 0.03 b | 0.12 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 bc | |
| Glycine | 0.08 ± 0.03 bc | 0.13 ± 0.01 ab | 0.16 ± 0.02 a | 0.18 ± 0.02 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 c | |
| Histidine | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.01 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | 0.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.01 ± 0.00 a | |
| Alanine | 0.91 ± 0.03 a | 0.58 ± 0.01 b | 0.62 ± 0.13 b | 0.48 ± 0.03 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | |
| Serine | 1.18 ± 0.21 a | 0.09 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | |
| Threonine | 0.30 ± 0.03 a | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.08 ± 0.04 c | 0.18 ± 0.03 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | |
| Arginine | 0.78 ± 0.04 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 b | 0.03 ± 0.01 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | |
| Proline | 0.44 ± 0.15 a | 0.37 ± 0.10 a | 0.26 ± 0.03 a | 0.30 ± 0.04 a | 0.17 ± 0.00 a | |
| Tyrosine | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.15 ± 0.00 b | 0.03 ± 0.00 c | 0.19 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.00 d | |
| Valine | 0.53 ± 0.21 abc | 0.47 ± 0.08 bc | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.40 ± 0.01 c | 0.20 ± 0.01 ab | |
| Methionine | 0.08 ± 0.01 a | 0.06 ± 0.01 a | 0.02 ± 0.01 b | 0.01 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 b | |
| Isoleucine | 0.43 ± 0.05 a | 0.29 ± 0.02 b | 0.05 ± 0.04 c | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0.01 c | |
| Leucine | 0.48 ± 0.02 a | 0.31 ± 0.07 b | 0.14 ± 0.00 c | 0.16 ± 0.00 c | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | |
| Phenylalanine | 0.56 ± 0.05 a | 0.16 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0.03 cd | 0.38 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 c | |
| Tryptophan | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 0.07 ± 0.00 b | |
| Lysine | 0.63 ± 0.03 b | 0.43 ± 0.05 c | 0.30 ± 0.02 c | 0.70 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.00 a |
PKJ, pasteurized kale juice before fermentation. KJ-EFEL6901, KJ-EFEL6800, KJ-MG7011, and KJ-EFEL2061 corresponded to the kale juice fermented with Limosilactobacillus reuteri EFEL6901, L. fermentum EFEL6800, L. fermentum MG7011, and Leuconostoc citreum EFEL2061, respectively, at 37 °C for 72 h. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviations (n = 3). Different letters indicate a significant difference at p < 0.05 according to Tukey’s multiple range test.