Table 1.
Antioxidant activity of examined EOs and referent compounds against specific radicals.
| EOs IDs | M n+ a | DPPH• b | LOO• c | ABTS•+ d | OH• e | ROO• f | OH• g |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Official Latin names of biological source/sources | EC50
h (µg/mL) |
ROO-RBD50
i (µg/mL) |
OH-RBD50
j (µg/mL) |
||||
| Chamomile Morocco Cladanthus mixtus (L.) Chevall. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 137.71 ± 0.53 k | 143.71 ± 0.37 |
| Clary sage Salvia sclarea L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 176.43 ± 0.32 | 168.31 ± 0.95 |
| Sage oil Salvia officinalis L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 142.56 ± 0.46 | 144.13 ± 0.32 |
| Red thyme Thymus praecox Opiz “coccineus” |
>1 | 0.230 ± 0.23 | 0.007 ± 0.006 | 0.003 ± 0.003 | 0.010 ± 0.06 | NA | NA l |
| Tea tree Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 23.33 ± 0.13 | 46.14 ± 0.46 |
| Melissa Melissa officinalis L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 172.46 ± 0.57 | 129.13 ± 0.34 |
| Mountain pine Pinus mugo Turra |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 110.92 ± 0.42 |
| Geranium Bourbon Pelargonium x asperum Ehrh. ex Willd. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 105.16 ± 0.11 |
| Oregano Origanum vulgare L. |
>1 | 0.110 ± 0.46 | 0.005 ± 0.005 | 0.004 ± 0.003 | 0.024 ± 0.011 | 184.90 ± 0.23 | 155.00 ± 0.54 |
| Ylang-ylang Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson |
0.84 ± 0.47 | 0.630 ± 0.45 | 0.32 ± 0.26 | 0.76 ± 0.12 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 64.12 ± 0.43 | 134.11 ± 0.67 |
| Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 143.54 ± 0.36 |
| Lavender Lavandula angustifolia Mill. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 44.10 ± 0.54 | 209.76 ± 0.33 |
| Myrtle Myrtus communis L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 113.05 ± 0.54 | NA |
| Garlic Allium sativum L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 195.62 ± 0.31 | NA |
| Cardamom Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 202.89 ± 0.65 |
| Mandarin Citrus reticulata Blanco |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 197.55 ± 0.54 | NA |
| Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 141.42 ± 0.56 | 31.07 ± 0.64 |
| Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macfad. |
1.58 ± 0.76 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 126.74 ± 0.21 | 103.10 ± 0.47 |
| Lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf |
>1 | 0.720 ± 0.37 | 0.45 ± 0.18 | 0.65 ± 0.38 | 0.58 ± 0.27 | 52.85 ± 0.43 | 80.93 ± 0.41 |
| Siberian pine Abies sibirica Ledeb. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 108.20 ± 0.11 | 132.61 ± 0.48 |
| Camphor Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 133.43 ± 0.73 |
| Cade Juniperus oxycedrus L. |
>1 | 0.007 ± 0.006 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.017 ± 0.01 | 0.023 ± 0.014 | NA | 197.70 ± 0.51 |
| Cedar leaves Thuja occidentalis L. |
>1 | 0.550 ± 0.21 | 0.60 ± 0.34 | 0.35 ± 0.14 | 0.27 ± 0.12 | 96.44 ± 0.34 | 150.16 ± 0.38 |
| Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 8.29 ± 0.54 | 56.34 ± 0.24 |
| Cumin Cuminum cyminum L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 168.58 ± 0.13 | 173.92 ± 0.43 |
| Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Benth. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 63.56 ± 0.43 | 136.71 ± 0.47 |
| Orange bitter Citrus aurantium L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 25.70 ± 0.32 |
| Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus Labill. |
0.78 ± 0.42 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | NA |
| Pine Silvestre Natural Pinus sylvestris L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 213.0 ± 0.24 |
| Bergamot Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (syn. Citrus × bergamia Risso & Poit.) |
1.72 ± 0.84 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 58.70 ± 0.54 |
| Juniper Juniperus communis L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 198.26 ± 0.67 |
| Birch Betula lenta L. |
>1 | 0.014 ± 0.012 | 0.014 ± 0.007 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.11 | 205.29 ± 0.41 | NA |
| Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. |
0.75 ± 0.26 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | NA |
| Cedar fruit Citrus medica L. |
0.63 ± 0.37 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 54.50 ± 0.42 | 95.01 ± 0.54 |
| Lemon Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck |
1.28 ± 0.79 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 136.18 ± 0.32 |
| Roman chamomile Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. |
1.34 ± 0.49 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 65.90 ± 0.21 |
| Savory Satureja hortensis L. |
1.46 ± 0.49 | 0.110 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 0.065 ± 0.012 | 0.032 ± 0.007 | NA | NA |
| Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis L. |
1.39 ± 0.67 | 0.375 ± 0.25 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 0.26 ± 0.11 | 0.42 ± 0.24 | NA | NA |
| Ceylon cinnamon peel Cinnamomum verum J. Presl |
0.95 ± 0.78 | 0.023 ± 0.11 | 0.032 ± 0.006 | 0.125 ± 0.45 | 0.078 ± 0.06 | 60.99 ± 0.51 | 78.36 ± 0.43 |
|
Eucalyptus
globulus |
1.26 ± 0.56 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 54.84 ± 0.11 |
| Orange sweet Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | NA |
| Niaouly Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T.Blake |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 138.65 ± 0.46 | 195.34 ± 0.45 |
| Artemisia Artemisia vulgaris L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 197.40 ± 0.31 | 30.40 ± 0.46 |
| Cajeput Melaleuca cajuputi Powell |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 86.55 ± 0.41 | NA |
| Black pepper Piper nigrum L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | NA |
| White thyme Thymus vulgaris L. |
>1 | 0.120 ± 0.06 | 0.18 ± 0.12 | 0.089 ± 0.022 | 0.046 ± 0.031 | 204.18 ± 0.63 | 88.03 ± 0.23 |
| Marjoram Origanum marjorana L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 324.83 ± 0.41 | 60.02 ± 0.64 |
| Clove Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L. M. Perry |
>1 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.024 ± 0.007 | 0.0173 ± 0.009 | 0.098 ± 0.034 | 163.54 ± 0.46 | 88.36 ± 0.54 |
| Cypress Cupressus sempervirens L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 99.03 ± 0.63 |
| Nutmeg natural Myristica fragrans Houtt. |
>1 | 0.840 ± 0.34 | 0.54 ± 0.27 | 0.66 ± 0.28 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | NA | NA |
| Peppermint Mentha piperita L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | NA |
| Lemon verbena Aloysia citriodora Palau |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 159.59 ± 0.54 | 95.99 ± 0.24 |
| Basil Ocimum basilicum L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | 194.21 ± 0.31 | NA |
| Palmarosa Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | NA |
| Laurel Laurus nobilis L. |
>1 | 0.680 ± 0.12 | 0.75 ± 0.36 | >1 | >1 | NA | 78.70 ± 0.54 |
| Natural anise pure Pimpinella anisum L. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 83.71 ± 0.15 |
|
Incense Boswellia spp. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | >1 | NA | 83.96 ± 0.78 |
| Mentha suaveolens (Sicily) Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. |
>1 | >1 | >1 | 0.89 ± 0.24 | 0.56 ± 0.12 | NA | 145.21 ± 0.34 |
| Coridotthymus capitatus (Sicily) Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (syn. Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link) |
>1 | 0.256 ± 0.18 | 0.232 ± 0.14 | 0.09 ± 0.06 | 0.22 ± 0.17 | 215.90 ± 0.45 | 24.26 ± 0.41 |
|
Thymus vulgaris (Sicily) Thymus vulgaris L. |
>1 | 0.990 ± 0.35 | 0.69 ± 0.36 | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 0.56 ± 0.50 | 232.47 ± 0.51 | 200.03 ± 0.53 |
|
Origanum hirtum (Sicily) Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. |
>1 | 0.570 ± 0.27 | 0.70 ± 0.28 | 0.39 ± 0.17 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | NA | NA |
| AA m | NA | 5.180 ± 0.46 | >100 | 15.47 ± 0.36 | >100 | NA | NA |
| BHT n | NA | 13.25 ± 0.41 | 3.12 ± 0.98 | 10.16 ± 1.41 | 30.14 ± 0.24 | NA | NA |
| EDTA o | 3.18 ± 0.59 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Q p | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
a Metal-ion-chelating capacity; b Neutralization of DPPH radical; c Interruption of lipid peroxidation; d Neutralization of ABTS cation radical; e Neutralization of hydroxyl radical; f Protection of DNA against the damage induced by the alkoxy radical; g Protection of DNA against the damage induced by the hydroxyl radical; h Effective concentration that neutralizes the 50% of free radical; i Concentration that stimulates 50% of relative electrophoretic bands density (RBD) increase (viz. protection) of DNA damaged by alkoxy radical; j Concentration that stimulates 50% of relative electrophoretic bands density (RBD) increase (viz. protection) of DNA damaged by hydroxyl radical; k The measurement is presented with standard deviation from three independent experiments; l Not available; m Ascorbic acid; n Butylated hydroxytoluene; o Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; p Quercetin.