Table 2.

Various cytokines and the mechanism involved in acquiring the chemoresistance is tabulated as follows.

Cytokine	Cancer Type	Drug	Mechanism	Ref.
IL-6	Prostate Cancer	Enzalutamide	IL-6 expression helps the constitutive activation of Stat3 leading to blocks of enzalutamide-mediated apoptosis	[48]
IL-17	Colorectal Carcinoma	Cisplatin	IL-17 expression apoptosis-related proteins, including serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR, apoptosis regulator BAX, phosphorylated apoptosis regulator Bcl-2, and protein kinase B (p-Akt), thereby inhibiting cancer cell apoptosis through targeting mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2, and p-Akt.	[49]
IL-4 and Il-10	Thyroid cancer	Cisplatinum, Doxorubicin, Taxol	Autocrine production of IL-4 and IL-10 promotes tumor progression and helps in arriving at drug resistance via the up-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-x.	[50]
IL-6 and IL-8	Breast cancer	Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin	Associated with the expression of P-gp a transmembrane pump required for MDR phenotype by drug efflux	[51]
IL-8	Breast cancer	Paclitaxel	The paracrine effect of IL-8 release helped to acquire TLR4-mediated paclitaxel resistance	[52]
IL-8	Skin cancer	Trametinib	Molecular and cellular changes in trametinib-resistant cell lines	[53]
Transmembrane tumour necrosis factor-α (tmTNF-α)	Breast cancer	Doxorubicin	tmTNF-α found to activate the ERK/GST-π axis and NF-κB pathway through reverse signaling to mediate DOX resistance	[54]
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)	Breast cancer		EGFR promoted the activation of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signal transduction pathways responsible for drug resistance.	[55]
Autocrine motility factor (AMF)	Fibrosarcoma	Mitomycin C	AMF administration inhibited expression of the apoptotic protease activating factor-1(APAF-1) and Caspase-9 genes encoding the proteins required for the formation of “apoptosome” complex	[56]