Figure 2.

Factors affecting the development of diabetic heart disease. Factors affecting the development of diabetic heart disease: inflammation, increase of oxidative stress, increase of AGEs, expression of mRNAs, occurrence of epigenetic factors, vascular remodelling, imbalance of cell death, dysregulation of mitochondria, ER stress, lipotoxicity, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiac fibrosis are included in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases in patients with diabetes mellitus. AGEs—advanced glycation end products; mRNAs—messenger ribonucleic acids; ER—endoplasmic reticulum.