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. 2023 Sep 23;11(10):2611. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11102611

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Connection between alterations of bacterial metabolites and CVDs [139]. The figure explains the correlation of factors leading to cardiovascular diseases. The increased leakage of the intestinal barrier alongside with a TMAO level decrease, the lowering of bile acid synthesis, and a reduction of beneficial SCFAs are the components that are related to the development of CVDs. ↑—increase; ↓—decrease; BA—bile acid; SCFA—short-chain fatty acid; TMAO—trimethylamine-N-oxide; CVD—cardiovascular disease.