Table 2.

Cardiovascular diseases and associated alterations of bacterial metabolites [139].

Cardiovascular Disease	Alteration of Bacterial Metabolites
Stroke	Faecal butyrate decreased
	TMAO increased
Carotid artery stenosis	SCFA production by intestinal microbiota decreased
Mesenteric ischaemia	SCFA production by intestinal microbiota decreased
Carotid artery disease	BA decreased
	TMAO increased
Peripheral artery disease	Synthesis of BAs decreased
	TMAO increased

BAs—bile acids; SCFA—short-chain fatty acid; TMAO—trimethylamine-N-oxide.