Table 1.

Taxonomy of Governance, Financial and Delivery Arrangements, and Implementation Strategies within (Oral) Health Systems.

Governance Arrangements	Financial Arrangements	Delivery Arrangements	Implementation Strategies
Policy authority • Centralization/decentralization of policy authority • Accountability of the state sector’s role in financing and delivery • Stewardship of the non–state sector’s role in financing and delivery • Decision-making authority about who is covered and what can or must be provided to them • Corruption protections Organizational authority • Ownership • Management approaches • Accreditation • Networks/multi-institutional arrangements Commercial authority • Licensure and registration requirements • Patents and profits • Pricing and purchasing • Marketing • Sales and dispensing • Commercial liability Professional authority • Training and licensure requirements • Scope of practice • Setting of practice • Continuing competence • Quality and safety • Professional liability • Strike/job action Consumer and stakeholder involvement • Consumer participation in policy and organizational decisions • Consumer participation in system monitoring • Consumer participation in service delivery • Consumer complaints management • Stakeholder participation in policy and organizational decisions (or monitoring)	Financing systems • Taxation • Social health insurance • Community-based health insurance • Community loan funds • Private insurance • Health savings accounts (Individually financed) • User fees • Donor contributions • Fundraising Funding organizations • Fee-for-service (funding) • Capitation (funding) • Global budget • Case-mix funding • Indicative budgets (funding) • Targeted payments/penalties (funding) Remunerating providers • Fee-for-service (remuneration) • Capitation (remuneration) • Salary • Episode-based payment • Fundholding • Indicative budgets (remuneration) • Targeted payments/penalties (remuneration) Purchasing products and services • Scope and nature of insurance plans • Lists of covered/reimbursed organizations, providers, services and products • Restrictions in coverage/reimbursement rates for organizations, providers, services and products • Caps on coverage/reimbursement for organizations, providers, services and products • Prior approval requirements for organizations, providers, services and products • Lists of substitutable services and products Incentivizing consumers • Premium (level and features) • Cost sharing • Health savings accounts (third-party contributions) • Targeted payments/penalties (incentivizing consumers)	How care is designed to meet consumers’ needs • Availability of care • Timely access to care • Culturally appropriate care • Case management • Package of care/care pathways/disease management • Group care By whom care is provided • System— need, demand, and supply • System—recruitment, retention, and transitions • System—performance management • Workplace conditions—provider satisfaction • Workplace conditions—health and safety • Skill mix—role performance • Skill mix—role expansion or extension • Skill mix—task shifting/substitution • Skill mix—multidisciplinary teams • Skill mix—volunteers or caregivers • Skill mix—communication and case discussion between distant health professionals • Staff—training • Staff—support • Staff—workload/workflow/intensity • Staff—continuity of care • Staff/self—shared decision making • Self-management Where care is provided • Site of service delivery • Physical structure, facilities, and equipment • Organizational scale • Integration of services • Continuity of care • Outreach With what supports is care provided • Health record systems • Electronic health record • Other ICT that support individuals who provide care • ICT that support individuals who receive care • Quality monitoring and improvement systems • Safety monitoring and improvement systems	Consumer-targeted strategies • Information or education provision • Behavior change support • Skills and competencies development • (Personal) support • Communication and decision-making facilitation • System participation Provider-targeted strategies • Educational material • Educational meeting • Educational outreach visit • Local opinion leader • Local consensus process • Peer review • Audit and feedback • Reminders and prompts • Tailored intervention • Patient-mediated intervention • Multi-faceted intervention Organization-targeted strategies
			Note that the described health-system arrangements and implementation strategies can be operationalized through 4 types of policy instruments: • legal instruments (acts and regulations, self-regulation regimes, and performance-based regulations) • economic instruments (e.g., taxes and fees, public expenditure and loans, public ownership, insurance schemes, and contracts) • voluntary instruments (e.g., standards and guidelines and both formalized partnerships and less formalized networks) • information and education instruments Given that the appropriateness of particular legal and economic instruments varies by political system, it is recommended to focus on arrangements and strategies, not legal and economic instruments

Adapted from: Lavis (2022). ICT, integrated care teams.