Figure 3.

Proposed regulated mechanisms for BBR’s neuroprotection against neuroinflammatory response in nerve cells. NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa B; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO, nitric oxide; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; Akt, alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; IL-4, interleukin 4; IL-10, interleukin 10; RIP1/3, receptor-interacting protein 1/3; COX-2, cyclooxygenase 2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; IL-1β, interleukin 1β; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.