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. 2023 Oct 19;12(10):1883. doi: 10.3390/antiox12101883

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed regulated mechanisms for BBR’s neuroprotection via the regulation of neurotransmitter levels in the brain. ↑ indicates the upregulation by BBR. Solid arrows indicate the direct effects and dashed arrows indicate the indirect effects. Cav2.1, voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel 2.1; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; NA, noradrenaline; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; PD, Parkinson’s disease.