Table 1.

Characteristics of studies that evaluated alveolar socket healing in both humans and animals.

S/No.	Study	Year	Study Design	Model	Tooth Type	Healing Period/Outcome	Evaluation Method
1	Trombelli et al. [6]	2008	Clinical study	Human	Single-rooted teeth	12–24 weeks (Dominant tissue: Provisional matrix and woven bone)	Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
2	Delvin and Sloan [19]	2002	Clinical study	Human	Premolars	Not reported (Final tissue analysis was 2 weeks post extraction)	IHC
3	Kim et al. [40]	2014	Retrospective Explorative study	Human	All teeth	5.5 ± 2.5 months	Panoramic radiography and CT scan
4	Srinivas et al. [22]	2018	Clinical study	Human	All teeth	3 months	Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)
5	Nahles et al. [34]	2013	Clinical study	Human	All teeth	12 weeks (complete ossification in some patients)	IHC
6	Ahn and Shin [36]	2008	Clinical study	Human	All teeth	10 weeks (complete socket healing)	Histology
7	Heberer et al. [38]	2011	Clinical study	Human	All teeth	12 weeks (44% bone formation)	Histology
8	Lindhe et al. [39]	2012	Clinical study	Human	Posterior maxillary teeth	Not specified (varied)	Histology
9	Cardaropoli et al. [7]	2005	Experimental study	Dog	Premolar	3 months (complete healing)	Histology
10	Araújo and Lindhe [41]	2005	Experimental study	Dog	Premolars	4–8 weeks (Dominant tissue: Mineralized bone and bone marrow)	Histology
11	Vignoletti et al. [42]	2012	Experimental study	Dog	Premolars	6 weeks (Socket closed with cortical bone)	Histology
12	Sheng et al. [43]	2023	Experimental study	Rat	Molars	4 weeks	Immunofluorescence, Micro-CT, IHC, RT-PCR
13	Hassumi et al. [44]	2018	Experimental study	Rat	Incisors	28 days	Micro-CT, IHC, RT-PCR
14	Yugoshi et al. [45]	2002	Experimental study	Rat	Incisors	3 weeks (Large volumes of trabecular bone formed)	Histology
15	Younis et al. [46]	2013	Experimental study	Rabbit	Incisors	4 weeks	IHC
16	Scala et al. [28]	2014	Experimental study	Monkey	Premolars	90–180 days (Dominant tissue: Trabecular bone and bone marrow)	Histology