Table 3.

Novel route of administration

Route of administration type	Route of administration characteristics	References
Transdermal administration	Means that a drug is absorbed by the skin into the systemic blood circulation and achieves an effective blood concentration, achieving the purpose of clinical disease treatment or prevention	[134–136]
Nasal administration	Refers to a class of preparations administered through the nasal cavity to exert local or systemic therapeutic or preventive effects Especially suitable for those drugs that are difficult to administer except by injection and need to play a systemic role Similar to oral administration, difficult to absorb polar drugs Drugs unstable in the gastrointestinal tract Drugs and proteins and peptides with strong hepatic first-pass effects	[137–139]
Ototopical administration	Ear topical administration has many advantages, the most significant advantage is to be able to obtain a higher local drug concentration than systemic administration The main limitation of topical administration is the potential ototoxicity of certain drugs, especially when the drug concentration is very high	[140, 141]