Table 3.
Demographics’ and disease characteristics’ relation to blood composite scores.
| Beta Coef. (95%), p | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SIRI × 10−3 | NLR | MLR | PLR | |||||||||
| p | p * | p | p * | p | p * | p | p * | |||||
| Age, years | 0.0009 (−0.01–0.01) | 0.87 | −0.003 (−0.02–0.01) | 0.67 | −0.001 (−0.004–0.001) | 0.32 | −2 (−3–(−1)) | 0.002 | ||||
| Female | −0.8 (−1–(−0.3)) | 0.001 | −1 (−1–0.1) | 0.091 | −0.05 (−0.2–0.05) | 0.30 | 37 (−6–81) | 0.096 | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.02 (−0.003–0.04) | 0.082 | 0.02 (−0.008–0.06) | 0.14 | 0.02 (−0.002–0.007) | 0.32 | 1 (−1–3) | 0.49 | ||||
| Cardiovascular co-morbidity | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | −0.03 (−0.3–0.3) | 0.85 | −0.2 (−1–0.3) | 0.48 | −0.06 (−0.1–0.004) | 0.065 | −31 (−58–(−4)) | 0.023 | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.1 (−1–1) | 0.72 | −0.2 (−1–1) | 0.68 | −0.08 (−0.2–0.04) | 0.21 | 33 (−86–20) | 0.22 | ||||
| Hypertension | −0.06 (−0.2–0.3) | 0.68 | 0.03 (−0.4–0.4) | 0.88 | 0.009 (−0.05–0.07) | 0.77 | −17 (−41–8) | 0.18 | ||||
| Obesity | 0.3 (0.04–1) | 0.026 | 0.3 (−0.07–1) | 0.10 | 0.04 (−0.02–0.1) | 0.23 | 22 (−1–47) | 0.098 | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 0.1 (−0.2–0.4) | 0.41 | 0.09 (−0.3–0.5) | 0.65 | 0.002 (−0.06–0.06) | 0.95 | −20 (−46–6) | 0.12 | ||||
| Statins | 0.02 (−0.3–0.3) | 0.90 | −0.3 (−1–0.1) | 0.14 | −0.03 (−0.1–0.03) | 0.32 | −28 (−55–(−1)) | 0.040 | ||||
| Aspirin | 0.3 (−0.001–1) | 0.051 | 0.3 (−1–0.1) | 0.23 | 0.04 (−0.02–0.1) | 0.16 | −4 (−30–23) | 0.79 | ||||
| cIMT, microns | 0.0007 (−0.0005–0.002) | 0.23 | 0.002 (−0.0001–0.003) | 0.070 | 0.00001 (−0.0002–0.0002) | 0.92 | −0.05 (−0.2–0.06) | 0.38 | ||||
| Carotid plaque | 0.2 (−0.08–0.5) | 0.16 | 0.01 (−0.4–0.4) | 0.94 | 0.01 (−0.04–0.07) | 0.68 | −37 (−61–(−12)) | 0.004 | ||||
| SLE related data | ||||||||||||
| Disease duration, years | 0.005 (−0.009–0.02) | 0.51 | −0.005 (−0.02–0.01) | 0.64 | 0.00001 (−0.003–0.003) | 0.99 | −1 (−2–0.2) | 0.11 | 0.46 | |||
| CRP, mg/dL | 0.006 (−0.006–0.02) | 0.35 | 0.003 (−0.01–0.02) | 0.72 | 0.0002 (−0.002–0.003) | 0.87 | 0.3 (−1–1) | 0.58 | ||||
| SLICC-DI | 0.05 (−0.03–0.1) | 0.19 | 0.38 | 0.04 (−0.08–0.2) | 0.52 | 0.02 (0.002–0.03) | 0.028 | 0.11 | −2 (−9–6) | 0.66 | ||
| SLICC-DI ≥ 1 | 0.2 (−0.07–0.5) | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.1 (−0.2–0.5) | 0.47 | 0.03 (−0.03–0.09) | 0.33 | −15 (−40–10) | 0.25 | |||
| Katz Index | 0.09 (0.02–0.2) | 0.011 | 0.020 | 0.08 (−0.02–0.2) | 0.11 | 0.039 | 0.02 (0.007–0.04) | 0.003 | 0.016 | 1 (−5–7) | 0.78 | |
| Katz ≥ 3 | 0.3 (0.03–1) | 0.028 | 0.055 | 0.3 (−0.1–1) | 0.15 | 0.057 | 0.08 (0.02–0.1) | 0.005 | 0.020 | 15 (−9–39) | 0.22 | |
| SLEDAI | −0.0004 (−0.03–0.03) | 0.98 | 0.004 (−0.04–0.05) | 0.88 | 0.001 (−0.006–0.008) | 0.71 | −0.3 (−3–3) | 0.87 | ||||
| SLEDAI categories | ||||||||||||
| No activity | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ||||||||
| Mild | 0.04 (−0.3–0.3) | 0.82 | 0.2 (−0.2–0.6) | 0.39 | 0.02 (−0.05–0.08) | 0.58 | −4 (−31–24) | 0.79 | ||||
| Moderate to very high | 0.06 (−0.3–0.4) | 0.77 | 0.2 (−0.3–0.7) | 0.42 | 0.05 (−0.02–0.1) | 0.16 | 10 (−23–43) | 0.56 | ||||
| Auto-antibody profile | ||||||||||||
| Anti-DNA positive | −0.06 (−0.4–0.3) | 0.73 | 0.2 (−0.3–0.6) | 0.47 | −0.005 (−0.07–0.06) | 0.87 | 17 (−9–43) | 0.20 | ||||
| ENA positive | 0.1 (−0.2–0.5) | 0.40 | 0.3 (−0.1–1) | 0.19 | 0.27 | 0.08 (0.02–0.1) | 0.013 | 0.024 | 40 (11–68) | 0.006 | 0.032 | |
| Anti-SSA | 0.2 (−0.2–1) | 0.27 | 0.4 (−0.2–1) | 0.22 | 0.09 (−0.002–0.2) | 0.054 | 0.075 | 43 (5–82) | 0.028 | 0.034 | ||
| Anti-SSB | −0.1 (−1–1) | 0.89 | 1 (−1–2) | 0.53 | −0.03 (−0.3–0.3) | 0.82 | 52 (−63–166) | 0.37 | ||||
| Anti-RNP | 0.04 (−0.3–0.4) | 0.82 | 0.4 (−0.1–1) | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.1 (0.02–0.2) | 0.009 | 0.010 | 49 (18–80) | 0.002 | 0.004 | |
| Anti-Sm | −0.08 (−0.6–0.4) | 0.75 | −0.09 (−1–1) | 0.80 | −0.008 (−0.1–0.1) | 0.87 | 2 (−43–48) | 0.93 | ||||
| Anti-ribosome | 0.2 (−0.5–1) | 0.53 | 1 (−0.3–2) | 0.19 | 0.34 | 0.06 (−0.1–0.2) | 0.46 | 34 (−31–99) | 0.31 | |||
| Anti-nucleosome | 0.1 (−0.4–1) | 0.57 | 1 (0.01–1) | 0.047 | 0.099 | 0.1 (−0.005–0.2) | 0.062 | 0.052 | 56 (12–101) | 0.014 | 0.030 | |
| Anti-histone | −0.4 (−1–0.2) | 0.19 | 0.20 | −0.5 (−1–0.3) | 0.25 | −0.09 (−0.2–0.04) | 0.17 | 0.18 | −17 (−69–35) | 0.51 | ||
| Antiphospholipid synd. | 0.28 (−0.08–0.6) | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.5 (0.02–1) | 0.042 | 0.059 | 0.08 (0.009–0.2) | 0.029 | 0.057 | 12 (−21–45) | 0.50 | |
| Antiphospholipid autoantibodies | ||||||||||||
| Lupus anticoagulant | 0.05 (−0.3–0.4) | 0.76 | 0.01 (−0.5–0.5) | 0.96 | −0.04 (−0.1–0.03) | 0.28 | −22 (−57–13) | 0.21 | ||||
| ACA IgM | −0.08 (−0.6–0.4) | 0.74 | −0.03 (−1–1) | 0.94 | −0.05 (−0.1–0.05) | 0.32 | −2 (−50–46) | 0.94 | ||||
| ACA IgG | 0.16 (−0.2–0.5) | 0.40 | 0.5 (−0.05–1) | 0.073 | 0.049 | 0.01 (−0.06–0.09) | 0.74 | 5 (−33–43) | 0.80 | |||
| Anti beta2 glycoprotein IgM | −0.2 (−0.7–0.3) | 0.49 | −0.09 (−1–1) | 0.82 | −0.1 (−0.2–0.001) | 0.053 | 0.059 | −33 (−86–19) | 0.21 | |||
| Anti beta2 glycoprotein IgG | 0.7 (0.3–1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.08 (−0.006–0.2) | 0.069 | 0.085 | 13 (−30–57) | 0.54 | |
| Current prednisone | 0.3 (0.006–0.5) | 0.045 | 0.037 | 0.3 (−0.07–1) | 0.11 | 0.08 (0.03–0.1) | 0.004 | 0.009 | 13 (−10–37) | 0.27 | ||
| Prednisone, mg/day | 0.06 (−0.01–0.1) | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.1 (0.006–0.2) | 0.038 | 0.049 | 0.01 (−0.003–0.03) | 0.13 | 0.18 | 3 (−3–10) | 0.33 | |
| Hydroxychloroquine | −0.5 (−3–2) | 0.68 | −1 (−4–2) | 0.47 | 0.01 (−0.4–0.5) | 0.95 | 8 (−18–34) | 0.54 | ||||
| Methotrexate | −0.04 (−0.4–0.5) | 0.84 | 0.2 (−0.4–1) | 0.53 | 0.03 (−0.06–0.1) | 0.57 | 23 (−16–61) | 0.25 | ||||
| Mycophenolate mofetil | −0.06 (−0.4–0.5) | 0.77 | −0.1 (−14–0.4) | 0.64 | 0.04 (−0.05–0.1) | 0.35 | −18 (−56–20) | 0.36 | ||||
| Azathioprine | 0.3 (−0.05–1) | 0.089 | 0.065 | 1 (0.4–1) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.2 (0.08–0.2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 85 (54–116) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rituximab | −0.04 (−1–1) | 0.92 | −0.08 (−1–1) | 0.89 | 0.02 (−0.1–0.2) | 0.83 | −6 (−76–63) | 0.86 | ||||
| Belimumab | 0.4 (−0.4–1) | 0.30 | 1 (−0.3–2) | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.1 (−0.06–0.3) | 0.20 | 83 (14–152) | 0.018 | 0.096 |
In this analysis, hematological scores are considered the dependent variable. BMI: body mass index; C3 C4: complement; CRP: C reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ACA: anticardiolipin; cIMT: carotid intima thickness; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; ANA: antinuclear antibodies; ENA: extractible nuclear antibodies; SLEDAI: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. Anti-ENA positive refers to being positive to any of the ENA types. Anti-RNP: Antinuclear ribonucleoprotein antibody; anti-SSA: Anti-Sjögren’s syndrome-related antigen A; anti-SSB: Anti-Sjögren’s syndrome-related antigen B; Anti-Sm: anti-Smith antibody. SLEDAI categories were defined as follows: 0, no activity; 1–5, mild; 6–10, moderate; >10, high activity; >20, very high activity. SLICC: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American Colleague of Rheumatology Damage Index; SIRI: systemic inflammation response index; NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; MLR: monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio. * Multivariable analysis is adjusted for demographics or cardiovascular comorbidity with a p value univariable relation to the hematological score inferior to 0.20. SIRI adjusted for female, BMI, and aspirin. NLR adjusted for female, BMI, and statins. MLR adjusted for smoking and aspirin. PLR adjusted for age, female, smoking, hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and statins. Significant p values are depicted in bold. To delve deeper into the relationship between disease characteristics and hematological scores, we additionally analyzed the item-one-to-one relationship of the SLICC, SLEDAI-2K, and Katz scores with each of these scores (Table 4). Regarding SLEDAI-2K items, only the presence of vasculitis (n = 1) and pleurisy (n = 4) revealed significant positive relationships with SIRI and NL, and with PLR, respectively. Within the Katz index, the low hematocrit item showed a positive association with MLR and PLR. Regarding SLICC-DI, the neuropsychiatric and peripheral vascular domains showed a negative and positive significant relationship to, respectively, PLR and MLR. The relationships of items, not domains, of SLICC-DI to hematology scores are additionally shown in Supplementary Table S1.