Table 1.
Characteristics of included quantitative studies.
| First Author, Publication Year | Country | Study Design | Sample Size | Response Rate | Gender: Percentage Male | Age at Time of Study | Age at Diagnosis | Time Since Diagnosis | Cancer Types | Comparisons | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdelhadi et al., 2021 [23] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | n = 2326 | MEPS (2011–2016): 53.5–59.3% for the different years | AYA cancer survivors with chronic conditions: 23.90% male, AYA cancer survivors without chronic conditions: 21.85% male | (Weighted proportions) AYA cancer survivors with chronic conditions: 18–29 years old: 6.14%, 30–39 years old: 15.52%, 40–49 years old: 24.36%, 50–64 years old: 36.10%, ≥65 years old: 17.88% AYA cancer survivors without chronic conditions: 18–29 years old: 18.14%, 30–39 years old: 37.52%, 40–49 years old: 27.82%, 50–64 years old: 13.90%, ≥65 years old: 2.70% |
range: 15–39 years | AYA cancer survivors with chronic conditions: 0–4 years: 10.86%, 5–9 years: 12.73%, 10–19 years: 26.31%, ≥20 years: 50.09% AYA cancer survivors without chronic conditions: 0–4 years: 31.85%, 5–9 years: 22.96%, 10–19 years: 29.43%, ≥20 years: 15.76% |
(Weighted proportions) AYA cancer survivors with chronic conditions: bladder: 0.70%, brain: 1.69%, breast: 12.57%, cervix: 32.90%, colon: 2.94%, leukemia: 1.72%, lung: 2.07%, lymphoma: 4.42%, melanoma: 9.26%, other: 28.26%, prostate: 1.70%, throat: n/a, thyroid: 3.90% AYA cancer survivors without chronic conditions: bladder: n/a, brain: n/a, breast: 11.15%, cervix: 21.86%, colon: 1.76%, leukemia: 1.52%, lung: n/a, lymphoma: 5.45%, melanoma: 10.94%, other: 26.55%, prostate: n/a, throat: n/a, thyroid: 8.50% |
None | 88% |
| Abdelhadi et al., 2022 [29] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | n = 2081 (n = 1757 for matched analyses) | MEPS (2011–2016): 53.5–59.3% for the different years | 20.0% male | 18–29 years old: 10.2%, 30–39 years old: 22.9%, 40–49 years old: 27.3%, 50–64 years old: 26.6%, ≥65 years old: 13.0% | Range: 15–39 years | Not reported | Not reported | Adults without cancer history (n = 5227) | 88% |
| Bhatt et al., 2021 [30] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | n = 1365 | Not applicable | 56% male | Not reported | Mean age at treatment = 30.8 years old, range: 18–39 years old, 18–24 years old: 19%, 25–29 years old: 26%, 30–34 years old: 27%, 35–39 years old: 28% | Median time since treatment = 60.6 months, range: 12–121 months | Leukemia: 68%, lymphoma: 11%, other malignant diseases: 10%, non-malignant disorders: 11% | None | 100% |
| Dahl et al., 2019 [31] | Norway | Cross-sectional study | n = 1189 | 42% | 27% male | Mean (SD) = 49.7 (7.8), median = 49 years, range: 27–65 years old | Mean (SD) = 33.0 (5.3), median = 35 years old, range: 19–39 years old | Median = 16 years, range: 6–31 years | Breast: 41%, colorectal: 12%, lymphoma: 19%, leukemia: 11%, melanoma: 17% | None | 100% |
| Dieluweit et al., 2011 [20] | Germany | Cross-sectional study | n = 820 | 43.70% | 49% male | Mean (SD) = 29.9 (6) years old | Mean (SD) = 15.8 (0.9) years old, range: 15–18 years old | Mean (SD) = 13.7 (6) years | Lymphoma: 30.5%, malignant bone tumor: 21.2%, leukemia: 19.3%, CNS tumors: 9.5%, soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas: 9.2%, germ cell tumors: 6.6%, other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas: 2.4%, renal tumors: 0.9%, neuroblastoma: 0.5% | Age-matched sample from the general population (German Socio- Economic Panel, n = 820) | 100% |
| Ekwueme et al., 2016 [32] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 244 | Not reported | All female | Mean (SD) = 39.42 (5.29) years old | Mean (SD) = 34.42 (6.95) years old, range: 18–44 years old | <2 years: 30.74%, 2–4 years: 28.69%, 5–10 years: 29.1%, ≥11 years: 11.48% | All breast | Women aged 18–44 without breast cancer (n = 82694), women aged 45–64 at diagnosis with breast cancer (n = 1508), women aged 45–64 without breast cancer (n = 52,586) | 88% |
| Ghaderi et al., 2013 [33] | Norway | Retrospective cohort study | n = 2561 | Not applicable | 55.4% male (childhood and AYA cancer survivors) | Not reported | 15–19 years old: 1019, 20–24 years old: 1542 | Survivors were followed for mean = 13.2 years beginning 5 years after diagnosis (range: 0–39.3 years) (childhood and AYA cancer survivors) | Brain/CNS tumors: 18.2%, testis: 15.4%, lymphatic system: 14.4%, hematopoietic system: 12.9%, melanoma: 10.6%, other: 7.4%, thyroid gland and other endocrine glands: 7.3%, bone and connective tissue: 5.6%, kidney: 2.7%, eye: 2.2%, ovary: 2%, cervix uteri: 1.2% (childhood and AYA cancer survivors) | Childhood cancer survivors (0–14 years of age at diagnosis; n = 1470) | 100% |
| Guy et al., 2014 [34] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | n = 1464 | MEPS (2008–2011): 53.5–59.3% | 22.2% male | 18–29 years old: 11%, 30–39 years old: 21%, 40–49 years old: 26.7%, 50–64 years old: 29.3%, ≥65 years old: 12% | range: 15–39 years | 0–9 years: 30.5%, 10–19 years: 27.7%, ≥20 years: 41.9% | Not reported | Adults without cancer in the pooled sample of 2008–2011 MEPS data (n = 86,865) | 88% |
| Hamzah et al., 2021 [35] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional study | n = 400 | Not reported | 43.3% male | Mean (SD) = 29.1 (7.16) years old, range: 18–40, 18–20 years old: 12.5%, 21–25 years old: 27%, 26–30 years old: 17.8%, 31–35 years old: 12.8%, 36–40 years old: 30% | Not reported | >5 years | Leukemia: 32.25%, Hodgkin lymphoma: 10.0%, ovarian: 8.0%, ependymoma: 7.25%, breast: 6.25%, Wilms’ tumor: 5.75%, Ewing’s sarcoma: 5.75%, testicular: 3.5%, medulloblastoma: 3.5%, brain tumor: 3.25%, yolk sac tumor: 3%, liver cancer: 2.75%, papillary thyroid: 1.5%, nasopharyngeal cancer: 1.5%, neuroblastoma: 1.5%, intestinal: 1.25%, lung: 1%, germinoma: 1%, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: 1% | None | 63% |
| Ketterl et al., 2019 [24] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 872 | 67% | 27.2% male | Not reported | Females: mean (SD) = 32.3 (5.62) years old, males: mean (SD) = 29.8 (6.09) years old | Females: mean (SD) = 3.53 (1.49) years, males: mean (SD) = 3.40 (1.29) years | Breast: 27.6%, leukemia and lymphoma: 18.7%, endocrine system: 14.7%, skin: 9.3%, genital system: 10.9%, brain and other CNS tumors: 4.7%, bones and soft tissue: 4.1%, digestive system: 4.0%, oral cavity and pharynx: 2.9%, urinary system: 1.6%, others: 1.5% | None | 100% |
| Landwehr et al., 2016 [36] | USA | Retrospective cohort study | n = 334 | 33.60% | 20.4% male | Age at time of application submission: mean = 29.3 years old, median = 30.0 years old, 95% CI: 28.7–29.8, SD = 4.4 years old, range: 19–39 years old |
Mean (SD) = 24.5 (6.7) years old, median = 26 years old, 95% CI: [23.7–25.2] | Time of treatment completion prior application submission: mean (SD) = 3.5 (4.6) years, median = 1.8 years, 95% CI: 3.0–4.0 |
Not reported | US census data from 2011 and 2013 using the groups “under age 35” and “25–34 years of age,” n = 16,513,000, and MEPS using the group “18–44 years of age,” n = 21,877,000 | 88% |
| Lim et al., 2020 [37] | Switzerland | Retrospective cohort study | n = 176 | Not applicable | 43.2% male | Not reported | Median (SD) age at treatment = 30.3 (±7.6) years old, range: 15.1–39.5 years old | Median time since treatment = 66 months, range: 12–236 months | All brain and skull base tumors | None | 50% |
| Lu et al., 2021 [38] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 2588 | NHIS (2010–2018) 64.2–82.0% for the different years | 32.8% male | 18–29 years old: 8.3%, 30–39 years old: 23.0%, 40–49 years old: 26.1%, 50–64 years old: 27.4%, 65–80 years old: 12.2%, 81+ years old: 2.9% | Median (IQR) = 31 (26–35) years old | (Categories are not mutually exclusive) < 2 years: 8.4%, ≥2 years: 91.6%, > 6 years: 75%, >16 years: 50%, >31 years: 25.0% |
Lymphoma: 7.8%, melanoma: 12.3%, testicular cancer: 5.5%, thyroid cancer: 9.1%, ovarian cancer: 7.3%, uterine cancer: 10.8%, leukemia: 1.9%, breast cancer: 15.7% | Adults without cancer history (n = 256,964) | 88% |
| Mader et al., 2017 [19] | Switzerland | Cross-sectional study | n = 160 | 41.10% | 61.3% male | Mean (SD) = 33.5 (5.9) years old, 20–29 years old: 26.9%, 30–29 years old: 53.1%, ≥40 years old: 20% | Mean (SD) = 21.1 (2.9) years old, range: 16–25 years old, 16–20 years old: 43.8%, 21–25 years old: 56.3% | Mean (SD) = 11.9 (4.7) years | Lymphoma: 37.5%, germ cell tumor: 28.8%, CNS tumor: 9.4%, soft tissue sarcoma: 9.4%, leukemia: 8.1%, bone tumor: 3.8%, renal tumor: 1.9%, neuroblastoma: 1.3% | Swiss Health Survey (SHS), participants aged 20–50 years old, residents in the Canton of Zurich (n = 999) | 100% |
| Meernik et al., 2020 [25] | USA | Cross-sectional study (restricted to working (full/part-time) at time of diagnosis) | n = 1328 | 12.80% | All female | Median (SD) = 41.0 (6.2) years old | Median (SD) = 34.0 (5.1) years old, range: 16–39 years old | Median (SD) = 7.0 (3.6) years, range: 3–15 years | Breast: 41.7%, thyroid: 22.3%, melanoma: 14.4%, lymphoma: 10.4%, gynaecologic (cervical, uterine, ovarian): 11.2% | None | 100% |
| Nord et al., 2015 [39] | Sweden | Retrospective cohort study | n = 2146 | Not reported | All male | Not reported, | Median = 32 years old, range: 18–60 years old | Follow-up for study: median = 10 years, range: 2–19 years | All testicular | General population without a cancer history (n = 8448) | 100% |
| Nugent et al., 2018 [40] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 23 | Not reported | 69.9% male | Mean (SD) = 23.8 (4.0) years old, median (IQR) = 22.6 (5.0) years old | Mean = 17.4 years old, range: 15–21 years old, length of treatment: mean = 1.2 years | ≥2 years since active cancer treatment | Hodgkin lymphoma: 43.4%, acute lymphoblastic leukemia:17.4%, Ewing’s sarcoma: 8.7%, osteosarcoma: 8.7%, germ cell tumor: 8.7%, acute myelocytic leukemia: 4.3%, chondrosarcoma: 4.3%, non-Hodgkin lymphoma: 4.3% | Controls were matched to the cancer survivors, being of the same gender and within 2 years of the survivor’s age (n = 14) | 88% |
| Parsons et al., 2012 [17] | USA | Cohort study | n = 463 (all AYA cancer survivors) | Initial survey: 43.4%, follow-up survey: 88.7% | AYA cancer survivors working or in school full-time before diagnosis (n = 388): 64% male |
Not reported | AYA cancer survivors working or in school full-time before diagnosis (n = 388): 15–19 years old: 13.1%, 20–24 years old: 17.8%, 25–29 years old: 24.7%, 30–34 years old: 23.2%, 35–39 years old: 21.1% |
AYA cancer survivors working or in school full-time before diagnosis (n = 388): 15–19 months: 13.1%, 20–24 months: 42.5%, 25–29 months: 34%, 30–35 months: 10.1%, range: 25–35 months |
Germ cell: 40.5%, Hodgkin’s lymphoma: 26%, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: 24.2%, sarcoma: 4.6%, acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 3.9% | AYA cancer survivors 15–24 months after diagnosis and working or in school full-time before diagnosis (n = 216) | 100% |
| Strauser et al., 2010 [41] | USA | Longitudinal study (restricted to AYACS who were unemployed at time of application for vocational services) | n = 368 | Not reported | 57% male | Mean (SD) = 21.46 (2.39) years old, range: 18–25 years old | Not reported | >2 years | Not reported | None | 63% |
| Sylvest et al., 2022 [42] | Denmark | Register-based cohort study | n = 4222 | Not applicable | 100% male | ≥ 35 years | Range: 0–29 years, | CNS cancer: mean (SD) = 14.59 (9.30) years, hematological cancer: mean (SD) = 16.68 (10.67) years, solid cancer: mean (SD) = 9.37 (8.47) years |
CNS tumors: 5.0%, hematological tumors: 6.5%, solid tumors: 88.5% | Age-matched comparison group of the general population (n = 794,589) | 100% |
| Tangka et al., 2020 [43] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 830 | 28.40% | All female | Not reported | 18–34 years old: 39.5%, 35–39 years old: 60.5% | Not reported | All breast cancer | None | 100% |
| Tebbi et al., 1989 [44] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 40 | 30% | 40% male | Mean (SD) = 26.4 (4.2) years old, range: 18–35 years old | Mean = 16.15 years old, range: 13–19 years old | Mean (SD) = 10.1 (3.2) years | Hodgkin’s/non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: 47.5%, soft tissue sarcoma/melanomas: 20.0%, leukemia: 7.5%, bone tumors: 20.0%, ovarian/testicular: 5.0% | 15 male and 25 female controls without a cancer history and with age range from 18 to 35 years old (n = 40) | 88% |
| Thom et al., 2021 [45] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 212 | 65% | 8.9% male | Mean (SD) = 35.3 (5.25) years old | Mean (SD) = 27.4 (7.17) years old | Mean (SD) time since treatment = 6.2 (5.89) years | Breast: 27.8%, lymphoma: 16.5%, colorectal: 11.3%, leukemia: 9.4%, brain: 7.1%, gynecological: 6.1%, sarcoma: 6.1%, thyroid: 4.7%, other: 8.0%, prefer not to respond: 0.5% | None | 88% |
| Yanez et al., 2013 [46] | USA | Cross-sectional study | n = 106 | 66.50% | 31.6% male | Mean (SD) = 32.2 (5.1) years old | Not reported | Range: 25–60 months, 3 years after treatment completion: 41%, 4 years after treatment completion: 31%, 5 years after treatment completion: 28% | Breast: 24.8%, cervical: 11.5%, melanoma: 9.7%, lung: 8.0%, colorectal: 3.5%, thyroid: 9.7%, testicular: 4.4% | AYA cancer survivors 0–24 months after diagnosis (n = 216) | 88% |
Abbreviations: d, diagnosis; s, study; t, treatment; fu, follow-up; CI, confidence interval; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; NHIS, National Health Interview Surveys; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; CNS, central nervous system; RM, Malaysian ringgit.