Table 4.

List of papers clustered in Topic 1.

Study	Supplementation	Results	Reference
Li et al. (2015)	Daily VE (200 mg) and VC (300 mg) combined with BC at 16.7 (group A), 8.4 (group B), 5.6 (group C), or 0 mg/day (group D) or VE alone (5 mg) (group E) for 16 weeks	MMSE scores in A and B were 23.49 ± 4.40 and 23.44 ± 3.62, respectively, significantly higher compared to E (22.32 ± 4.23; p < 0.05). HDS scores in A and B were 22.46 ± 4.96 and 21.38 ± 3.97, respectively, significantly higher than the corresponding scores prior to the treatment (18.68 ± 5.77 for A and 19.75 ± 5.46 for B; p < 0.05). HDS scores in A and B (22.46 ± 4.96 and 21.38 ± 3.97; p < 0.05) were significantly higher compared to E (18.87 ± 4.70; p < 0.05).	[33]
Kesse-Guyot et al. (2011)	Daily VC (120 mg), BC (6 mg), VE (30 mg), selenium (100 μg), and zinc (20 mg) in combination or placebo for 8 y	Subjects receiving active antioxidant supplementation had better episodic memory scores (mean difference: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.02, 1.20).	[37]
Kang et al. (2009)	BC (50 mg) every other day or placebo, either alone or combined with VE every other day (402 mg), VC daily (500 mg), or both, for 3.5 y	They found that BC supplements were beneficial among those with low dietary intakes of total carotenoids but not among those with higher intakes (p for interaction = 0.02).	[42]
Grodstein et al. (2007)	BC 50 mg every other day for 18 y	Improvement in global cognitive score (p = 0.03), verbal memory (p = 0.007), and TICS score (p = 0.04).	[40]
Wolters et al. (2005)	Multivitamin capsule (9 mg/d BC) for 6 months	No effect on cognitive performance.	[41]
Smith et al. (1999)	12 mg/d BC, 400 mg/d VE, and 500 mg/d VC in combination or placebo for 1 y	There were very few significant differences between the placebo and multivitamin groups.	[39]

Abbreviations are presented in the corresponding list.