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. 2023 Oct 17;45(10):8427–8443. doi: 10.3390/cimb45100531

Figure 1.

Figure 1

wPB protects HT-22 cells against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. (A) Concentration-dependent cell viability following a 24 h of incubation with varying concentrations (0–1000 µg/mL) of water (wPB) or ethanolic (ePB) extract of P. binghamiae (* p < 0.05, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. corresponding control). (B) Chemical spectra of wPB obtained using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. (C) Concentration-dependent cell viability of HT-22 cells following 24 h of challenge with varying concentrations (0–25 mM) of glutamate. The interrupted red line indicates the approximate LD50 value. (D) The cell viability and (E) representative images of different cell groups. Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (*** p < 0.001 vs. the CTRL cells; ## p < 0.01 vs. the GLU cells; N.S, not significant between the indicated cells). LD50, median lethal dose.