Table 1.

A list of FRET–FLIM biosensors and their fluorescence lifetime responses.

Targets	Names	FRET Pairs	2p-FLIM	𝜏free (ns)	𝜏bind (ns)	Δ𝜏(bind-free) (ns)	Ref.
Protein kinase A (PKA)	FLIM–AKAR	EGFP–cpsREACh	Yes	1.85	1.70	−0.15	[29]
	AKARet	sREAChet–EGFP	Yes	-	-	−0.21	[30]
	AKAR5	mEGFP–sREACh	Yes	-	-	0.20	[31]
	tAKARα	EGFP–cpsREACh	Yes	-	-	−0.26	[32]
Protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt	GFP–Akt–YFP	GFP–YFP		2.30	1.70	−0.60	[33]
Protein kinase C (PKC)	ITRACKα	mEGFP–mCherry	Yes	-	-	−0.22	[19]
	ITRACKβ	mEGFP–mCherry	Yes	-	-	−0.18	[19]
	ITRACKγ	mEGFP–mCherry	Yes	-	-	−0.16	[19]
	IDOCKSα	mEGFP–mCherry	Yes	-	-	−0.31	[19]
	IDOCKSβ	mEGFP–mCherry	Yes	-	-	−0.23	[19]
	IDOCKSγ	mEGFP–mCherry	Yes	-	-	−0.22	[19]
Aurora Kinase A	ShadowG–AURKA–mTQ2	ShadowG–mTQ2		-	-	0.15	[34]
	ShadowY–AURKA–mTQ2	ShadowY–mTQ2		-	-	0.15	[34]
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII)	Green–Camuiα	mEGFP–REACh	Yes	1.67	2.08	0.41	[20]
	mRFP/GFP–Camui	mRFP–GFP		1.82	2.13	0.31	[35]
	Camuiα–mRmC	mRuby2–mCherry_I202Y/T		-	-	0.10	[36]
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)	EKARet	sREAChet–EGFP	Yes	-	-	−0.23	[30]
cAMP	TEpacVV	mTQ–cp173Venus-Venus		2.28	3.03	0.75	[22]
	CEpacVV	mECFP–cp173Venus-Venus		1.64	2.02	0.38	[22]
	EpacSH189	mTQ2–tdDark-cp173Venus		1.93	3.41	1.48	[17]
Ca2+	TN-L15	CFP–Citrine		2.36	1.9	−0.46	[37]
	mTFP–TnC-Cit	mTFP1–Citrine		2.51	2.18	−0.33	[37]
NAD+	ChemoD–NAD	ShadowG–HaloTag7		2.21	3.37	1.16	[38]
pH	pH–Lemon	mTQ2–EYFP	Yes	3.69 (pH 4.03)	2.48 (pH 7.01)	−1.21	[39]