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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Oct 8.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res (Hoboken). 2023 Oct 8;47(10):1926–1942. doi: 10.1111/acer.15164

Table 4 -.

Well-being and Quality of Life

Cronbach
Coefficient
Alpha
Total
n=361
SMART
n=75
AA
n=73
Both
n=53
Neither
n=160
Group
Difference
n M (SD) M / % (SD/n) M / % (SD/n) M / % (SD/n) M / % (SD/n) p
Well-being
 Quality of Sleep (PSQI) n/a 344 1.30 0.76 1.17a 0.75 1.24a 0.75 1.11a 0.78 1.46b 0.74 < 0.01
 Pain (rated on 0-100 scale) n/a 331 27.4 26.8 21.4 21.5 29.8 28.3 32.2 28.7 27.6 27.6 0.12
 Physical activity (IPAQ) n/a 339 498 499 464 420 508 465 645 575 459 517 0.13
 Number of meals per day n/a 344 2.49 0.84 2.48 0.65 2.49 0.92 2.54 0.91 2.48 0.87 0.97
 Spiritual experiences (DSES) 0.96 345 4.05 1.26 4.40b 1.22 3.67a 1.27 3.72a 1.23 4.16b 1.22 < 0.001
 Self-esteem n/a 345 5.60 2.38 5.90 2.19 5.39 2.37 5.76 2.39 5.49 2.47 0.51
Stressors
 Stress (PSS-4) 0.70 355 2.84 0.70 2.76 0.69 2.91 0.69 2.86 0.64 2.83 0.73 0.61
 Distress (K6) 0.88 356 3.45 0.86 3.51 0.82 3.35 0.75 3.49 0.81 3.46 0.94 0.69
Quality of Life
 QLESQ 0.91 348 3.44 0.67 3.58 0.67 3.38 0.64 3.44 0.59 3.40 0.70 0.25
 EQ5D3L Descriptive 0.68 347 0.41 0.33 0.34 0.29 0.46 0.34 0.46 0.34 0.40 0.34 0.11
  Physical Health (rated on 0-100 scale) n/a 332 71.2 18.2 74.9 14.5 72.4 16.3 71.3 18.5 68.6 20.5 0.11
  Mental Health (rated on 0-100 scale) n/a 324 65.9 21.3 68.3 18.7 65.0 20.6 68.5 18.4 64.1 23.8 0.44
 EUROHIS-QOL 0.82 349 3.37 0.70 3.56 0.69 3.31 0.66 3.28 0.67 3.35 0.73 0.08
 Satisfaction with Life n/a 346 4.21 1.67 4.45 1.73 3.97 1.68 4.10 1.58 4.23 1.66 0.36