Table 1.

Animal models of mitochondrial morphology factors.

Gene	Model	Phenotype	Mitochondrial Morphology	Reference
Drp1	Drp1 deletion homo	Embryonically lethal	Reduced mitochondrial fission	[107]
	Drp1 deletion hetero	Similar to WT
	Cardiac Drp1 deletion (early postnatal)	Lethal	Enlarged, heterogeneity	[109]
	Drp1 deletion (muscle-specific)	Lethal, Dilated heart		[110]
	Cardiac Drp1 KO (postnatal)	Lethal, Dilated heart	-	[111]
	Cardiac Drp1 KO using tamoxifen (ad 8 weeks)	DCM, Fibrosis	Enlarged
	Cardiac Drp1 KO using tamoxifen (ad 15 weeks)	Hypertrophy, Fibrosis	Elongated	[108]
	Cardiac Drp1 KO using tamoxifen (ad 8 weeks)	DCM	Enlarged	[112]
	Overexpression of Drp1 (Transgenic mice)	Not deleterious	Fragmented	[113]
Mfn1/2	Mfn1/2 KO	Embryonically lethal	-	[124]
	Cardiac Mfn1/2 KO (mid-gestational and postnatal)	Normal at birth Lethal DCM	Spherical, heterogeneity	[114]
	Cardiac Mfn1/2 KO (embryonic)	Cardiac development failure	Fragmented	[125]
	Cardiac Mfn1/2 KO using tamoxifen (early embryonic)	Lethal	Fragmented	[115]
	Cardiac Mfn1/2 KO using tamoxifen (within 8 weeks)	Lethal, DCM
	Cardiac Mfn1/2 KO (8 weeks–10 weeks)	Impaired myocardial function	Fragmented	[116]
	Marf (Drosophila)	DCM	Spherical, Fragmented, heterogeneity	[121]
Mfn1	Cardiac Mfn1 deletion	Normal	Spherical, small	[117,118]
	Cardiac Mfn1 deletion	Normal	Large	[126]
Mfn2	Cardiac Mfn2 deletion	DCM	Enlarged	[118,119]
	Cardiac Mfn2 deletion	Normal	Heterogeneity	[126]
Drp1/Mfn1/Mfn2	Cardiac triple knockout Mfn1/Mfn2/Drp1	HCM	Fragmented	[113]
Mff	Mff deletion	DCM	No changes, heterogeneity	[122]
Opa1	Opa1 KO	Embryonically lethal	-	[127]
	Heterozygous Opa1 KO	Normal	Enlarged	[123]

Abbreviations: DCM—Dilated cardiomyopathy; HCM—Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.