Table 2.

Targeting mitochondrial morphology factors for cardiac disease.

Target Up (+) or Down (−)	Method	Model		Result	Reference
Drp1 (−)	Melatonin	I/R	Diabetic rat with I/R injury	Decrease in MI size and apoptosis	[175]
	Hydralazine		C57BL/6N with I/R injury	MI size reduction	[176]
	P110		Wistar rat, Ex vivo	Improvement of mitochondrial morphology and mitochondrial respiratory function.	[177]
	Dynasore		C6/Black, Ex vivo	Increase in cardiomyocyte viability	[178]
	BTP2	Diabetic CM	Zucker diabetic fat	Improvement of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy	[132]
	Klotho	Dox-CM	C57BL/6 treated with doxorubicin	Inhibition of apoptosis	[180]
	Sevoflurane postconditioning	Ischemic HF	Sprague-Dawley rat with I/R injury	Improvement of ATP production with mitophagy	[181]
	Mdivi-1	ATS	Human VSMC	Suppression of VSMC calcification	[182]
	Melatonin		Rat VSMC	Suppression of arterial calcification	[183]
	Irisin		High-phosphorus-diet C57BL/6	Suppression of arterial calcification	[184]
	Quercetin		Adenine-rich diet rat	Suppression of arterial calcification	[185]
	Mdivi-1	HTN	C57BL/6 treated with AngII	Inhibition of AngII-mediated phenotypic switch	[186]
	Mdivi-1		High-salt-fed rat	Reduction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis	[187]
	Mdivi-1		Rat VSMC	Suppression of arterial calcification	[188]
	Dichlorpacetate	PH	Monocrotaline-treated rat	Inhibition of right ventricular fibrosis and hypertrophy	[189]
	Liraglutide		Rat PASMC	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[191]
	ARB	Aging	Human VSMC and ApoE KO mice	Reduction of hyperlipidemic aging	[192]
	P110		Huntington Disease (HD) model mice	Reduction of pathological mitochondrial fission	[193]
Mfn1 (+)	SAMβA	Ischemic HF	Rat treated with AngII	Inhibition of apoptosis	[194]
Mfn2 (+)	Cordycepin	I/R	Diabetic mice with I/R injury	MI size reduction	[196]
	ARB	ATS	Rat VSMC	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[197]
	Adiponectin	ATS	Human VSMC	Inhibition of cell proliferation	[198]
Mfn2 (−)	Pomegranate	HTN	SHR	Reduction of oxidative stress	[199]
Mfn1 and Mfn2 (+)	Aerobic exercise	I/R	Wistar rat with I/R injury	MI size reduction	[195]
	Ferulic acid	ATS	High-fat-fed ApoE KO mice and Human mononuclear cell	Reduction of oxidative stress	[202]
Mfn1 and Opa1 (+)	Fish oil	ATS	High-fat-fed ApoE KO mice	Improvement of endothelial dysfunction	[201]
Mfn1/2 and Opa1 (+)	Resveratrol	ATS	HUVEC treated with palmitic acid	Improvement of cell viability and reduction of oxidative stress	[200]
Drp1 (−), Mfn2 (+)	Trimetazidine	PH	Human PASMC	Inhibition of hypoxia-induced cell proliferation	[190]
Drp1 (−), Mfn2 and Opa1 (+)	Donepezil	I/R	Wistar rat with I/R injury	Amelioration of apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction	[179]
	Calhex231	HTN	SHR	Inhibition of apoptosis	[203]
Drp1 (−), Mfn1 and Opa1 (+)	Nicorandil	Ischemic HF	Rat with I/R injury	Increased mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opening	[206]
Drp1 (−), Opa1 (+)	Sevoflurane postconditioning	Ischemic HF	Sprague-Dawley rat with I/R injury	Induction of mitophagy and improvement of myocardial ATP production	[181]
Opa1 (+)	RIPC	I/R	Wistar rat with I/R injury	MI size reduction	[166]
	Irisin		Hypoxia-treated cardiomyocyte	Inhibition of apoptosis	[154]
	Melatonin		C57BL/6 with I/R injury	Amelioration of apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction	[204]
	Paeonol	Diabetic CM	Sprague-Dawley rat cardiomyocytes under high glucose condition	Improvement of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis	[205]
	Coenzyme Q10	ATS	High-fat-fed ApoE KO mice	Inhibition of oxidative stress and promotion of energy metabolism	[207]

Abbreviations: +—upregulation; −—downregulation (inhibition); ARB—Angiotensin II type I receptor inhibitor; MI—myocardial infarct; HUVEC—human umbilical vein endothelial cell; RIPC—remote ischemic preconditioning; CM—cardiomyopathy; Dox-CM—doxorubicin-associated cardiomyopathy; ATS—Atherosclerosis; HTN—hypertension; HF—Heart failure; SHR—spontaneously hypertensive rat. The table was modified from Yoshihiro et al. [208].