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. 2023 Oct 8;13(10):2202–2213. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe13100155

Table 4.

Comparison between adolescents with and without gambling on other risk behaviors.

Gambling
At Risk
(n = 41)		 Not at Risk
(n = 273)		 F Value p-Value Partial Eta-Squared
How often do you…?

  1. use alcohol?

 1.77 ± 1.04 1.29 ± 0.98 8.834 0.003 0.027

  1. use tobacco?

 1.51 ± 1.65 1.05 ± 1.48 3.471 0.063 0.011

  1. use coffee?

 2.23 ± 1.41 2.08 ± 1.51 0.397 0.529 0.001

  1. use heroin or other opiate derivatives?

 0.07 ± 0.26 0.01 ± 0.10 7.462 0.007 0.023

  1. use LSD or other hallucinogens?

 0.10 ± 0.29 0.01 ± 0.08 16.086 <0.001 0.047

  1. use ketamine or amphetamines?

 0.07 ± 0.26 0.01 ± 0.08 9.937 0.002 0.030

  1. use cocaine?

 0.09 ± 0.29 0.01 ± 0.08 15.869 <0.001 0.047

  1. use ecstasy or mdma?

 0.07 ± 0.25 0.01 ± 0.10 7.352 0.007 0.022

  1. use cannabis hashish or marijuana?

 0.69 ± 1.15 0.21 ± 0.59 17.014 <0.001 0.050

  1. use poppers or similar inhalants?

 0.07 ± 0.26 0.01 ± 0.08 10.072 0.002 0.030

  1. take psychotropic drugs or barbiturates?

 0.12 ± 0.32 0.10 ± 0.54 0.055 0.814 0.000

  1. spend a lot of time on the internet on social networks?

 2.74 ± 1.00 2.27 ± 1.07 7.525 0.006 0.023

  1. spend a lot of time on pornographic sites?

 0.86 ± 1.03 0.33 ± 0.68 19.095 <0.001 0.056

  1. spend a lot of time in online role-playing games?

 1.05 ±1.02 0.35 ±.814 25.391 <0.001 0.073

  1. spend a lot of time playing video games?

 1.09 ± 1.10 0.52 ± 0.92 13.362 <0.001 0.040

  1. gamble?

 1.51 ± 0.85 0.00 ± 0.00 898.895 <0.001 0.735

Note. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation.