Table 3.
List of stimuli-responsive polymers organized by the stimulus.
| Stimuli | Polymers | Origin/Synthesis | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Temperature | Poloxamers | Sequential polymerization of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide in the presence of alkaline catalysts | [119] |
| Methyl cellulose | Reaction of alkali cellulose with methylene chloride | [120] | |
| Hydroxypropylcellulose | Reaction of alkali cellulose with propylene oxide | [121] | |
| Xyloglucan | Extraction from the seed of the tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) | [122] | |
| Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose | Reaction of alkali cellulose with methylene chloride and propylene oxide | [123] | |
| Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) | Free-radical polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide | [124] | |
| pH | Carbomers | Crosslinking of polyacrylic acids with the allyl ethers of pentaerythritol or sucrose | [125] |
| Chitosan | Partial N-deacetylation of chitin | [126] | |
| Cellulose acetate phthalate | Reaction of a partially substituted cellulose acetate with phthalic anhydride in the presence of an organic solvent and a basic catalyst | [127] | |
| Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose | Reaction of alkali cellulose with sodium monochloroacetate | [120] | |
| Poly(L-lysine) | Biosynthesis by the bacterium strain Streptomyces albulus | [128] | |
| Polyvinyl sulfonic acid | Free-radical polymerization of vinyl sulfonic acid | [129] | |
| Polymethacrylic acid | Free-radical polymerization of methacrylic acid | [130] | |
| Ionic strength | Gellan gum | Biosynthesis by Sphingomonas elodea | [131] |
| Alginates | Extraction from brown marine algae and Pseudomonas and Azotobacter bacteria | [104] | |
| Xanthan gum | Biosynthesis by Xanthomonas campestris | [132] | |
| Carrageenan | Extraction from red seaweeds (Rhodophyta) | [133] | |
| Pectin | Extraction from citrus and apple fruits | [134] | |
| Hyaluronic acid | Biosynthesis by Streptococcus zooepidemicus and recombinant systems | [135] | |
| Enzyme | Dextran | Biosynthesis by Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F | [136] |
| Hyaluronic acid | Biosynthesis by Streptococcus zooepidemicus and recombinant systems | [135] | |
| Polyethylene glycol | Ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide | [137] | |
| Poly(allylamine) | Polymerization of allylamine | [138] |