Abbreviation	Meaning
CS	cellular senescence
SASP	senescence-associated secretory phenotype
CVDs	cardiovascular diseases
SIPS	stress-induced premature senescence
RS	replicative senescence
DDR	DNA damage response
hTERT	human telomerase reverse transcriptase
SSBs	single-strand breaks
DSBs	double-strand breaks
ATM	ataxia–telangiectasia mutated
ATR	ataxia–telangiectasia Rad3-related
γH2AX	phosphorylated histone H2AX
CDKN1A	CDK inhibitor p21
cGAS	cyclic GMP–AMP synthase
STING	stimulator of interferon genes
TAFs	telomere-associated foci
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
ROS	reactive oxygen species
OIS	oncogene-induced senescence
mtDNA	mitochondrial DNA
ECM	extracellular membrane
mi-RNA	microRNAs
lncRNA	long non-coding RNAs
EndoG	endonuclease G
SA-β-gal	senescence-associated β-galactosidase
SBB	Sudan Black B
CCFs	cytoplasmic chromatin fragments
p38MAPK	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase
SAHF	senescence-associated heterochromatin foci
SADs	senescence-associated distention of satellites
H2O2	hydrogen peroxide
BrdU	bromodeoxyuridine
EdU	ethynyl deoxyuridine
VSMCs	vascular smooth muscle cells
DMD	Duchenne muscular dystrophy
LMNA	lamin A
ET-1	endothelin-1
HF	heart failure
HFpEF	heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
MMPs	matrix metalloproteinases
MI	myocardial infarction
CAD	coronary artery disease
T1DM	type 1 diabetes
STZ	streptozotocin
HIF-1α	hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
SNCs	senescent cells
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
SCAPs	senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways
BCL-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
NF-κB	nuclear factor kappa B
HSP90	heat shock protein 90
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
TAME	Targeting Aging with Metformin
AFAR	American Federation for Aging Research
CAR-T	chimeric antigen receptor T cell
CTL	cytotoxic T lymphocyte
NK	natural killer
DC	dendritic cell
GPNMB	glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B
ADCs	antibody–drug conjugates
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
SMAD	small mother against decapentaplegic
AMPK	adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase
Rb	retinoblastoma protein
MiDAS	mitochondrial dysfunction-associated senescence
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
CPCS	cardiac progenitor cells