Table 3.

Typical clinical presentation and recanalisation options depending on the type of acute mesenteric ischaemia.

	Typical clinical presentation	Recanalisation options (Laparoscopic bowel evaluation is driven by the prediction of transmural necrosis)
Atherosclerotic AMI	Possible history of chronic mesenteric ischaemia Sudden abdominal pain in a patient with multi-arterial disease	Endovascular revascularisation: Stenting Open revascularisation: Retrograde open mesenteric stenting Antegrade or retrograde by-pass
Embolic AMI	Sudden marked pain in a patient with a history of atrial fibrillation	Endovascular revascularisation: Thrombus-aspiration Catheter-directed thrombolysis Open revascularisation: Open thrombectomy with patch repair
Isolated SMA dissection	Sudden marked abdominal pain (epigastric) in middle-aged males without known atherosclerosis	Revascularisation only if bowel ischaemia (low evidence): Endovascular: catheter directed thrombolysis Open: intimal repair
Venous AMI	Abdominal pain and inflammatory syndrome in females with history of venous thrombosis	Anticoagulation therapy. If worsening despite adequate anticoagulation: Transhepatic/transjugular thrombus-aspiration+catheter-directed thrombolysis (low evidence)
Non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia	Intensive care unit patient with shock and abdominal pain/distension	Intensive resuscitation. Local intra-arterial vasodilator infusion (low evidence)
Ischaemic colitis	Abdominal guarding with inflammatory syndrome mimicking infectious colitis.	No revascularisation.

AMI, acute mesenteric ischaemia.