Table 1.
Selected plant extracts from various species and their photoprotective properties.
| Species (Family) | Plant Material | Method | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Adenocaulon himalaicum (Asteraceae) |
leaf, EE | in vitro, HaCaT exposed to UVB | ↑ filaggrin, involucrin, loricrin expression ↓ MMP-1; MAPK, AP-1 activation |
[52] |
|
Alpinia officinarum (Zingiberaceae) |
rhizome, WE | in vivo, UVB-irradiated hairless mouse; in vitro, NIH-3T3 exposed to UVB |
↓ of MMP-1 expression and recovered the reduction in collagen content in mouse skin; ↓ IL-6, IL-8, MCP-3 expression and ↓ phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK in NIH-3T3 |
[53] |
|
Antidesma thwaitesianum (Euphorbiceae) |
fruit extract | in vitro, UVB-irradiated HaCaT | protects cells from UVB-induced cytotoxicity; anti-inflammatory effect through ↓ NO and ROS generation; ↓ phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK |
[54] |
|
Astragalus gombiformis (Fabaceae) |
aerial part, BE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 37.78 | [41] |
|
Calea fruticosa (Asteraceae) |
aerial part, EE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 9.66 | [55] |
|
Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) |
leaf extract | in vitro, NHEK exposed to UVB | efficacy in recovering TIMP-3 expression downregulated by UVB treatment | [56] |
|
Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (Sapotaceae) |
ME | in vitro, UVB and H2O2-treated HaCaT and HDF | ↓ expression of COX-2, MMP-1, and -9, HYAL-1, and -4 by downregulating the NF-κB and MAPK (ERK, JNK and p38) pathways; ↑ Col1a1 expression |
[57] |
|
Cistus incanus Cistus ladanifer (Cistaceae) |
aerial part extract |
in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 3.33—4.37 | [58] |
|
Ceratonia siliqua (Fabaceae) |
pod and seed extract, WME | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 1.07–18.19 | [59] |
|
Corylus avellana (Betulaceae) |
hazelnut skin extract | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | extract ↑ SPF value of benzophenone 4.66–4.94 | [60] |
|
Cyclopia spp. (Fabaceae) |
leaf and branch, WAE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 27.8 | [61] |
|
Diospyros kaki (Ebenaceae) |
fruit (pulp, skin and seed) extract | in vitro, HaCaT exposed to UVA and UVB | ↓ intracellular ROS production in cells; exerts a photoprotective and regenerative effect on UV-irradiated cells | [62] |
|
Elaeagnus angustifolia (Elaeagnaceae) |
leaf extract | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF values of sunscreen formulation (with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% extracts): 6.37–21.05 |
[63] |
|
Euphorbia characias (Euphorbiaceae) |
leaf, EE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 9.10 | [64] |
|
Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae) |
flower, EE | in vitro, UVB-irradiated HDF | ↓ MMP-1, 3 and ROS production; ↓ procollagen type I reduction; anti-photoaging action via the activation of Nrf2, upregulation of TGF-β, downregulation of AP-1 and MAPK phosphorylation; ↓ UVB-induced VEGF and IL-6, COX-2, iNOS and TNF-α secretion |
[65] |
|
Hylocereus polyrhizus (Cactaceae) |
fruit peel, EE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 35.02 | [43] |
|
Juglans regia (Juglandaceae) |
male flower, ME | in vitro, UVB-irradiated HaCaT | prevents the overexpression of MAPKs, AP-1, MMPs, Smad7; ↓ expression of TIMP-1/2, TGF-β1, Smad3 and procollagen type-1 in cells |
[66] |
|
Kadsura coccinea (Schisandraceae) |
root, stem, leaf and fruit, EE | in vitro, UVA and UVB-irradiated HaCaT | alleviates anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of UVA/UVB irradiation on cells; ↓ intracellular ROS level and keratinocyte damage | [67] |
|
Melaleuca leucadendron (Myrtaceae) |
flower, EE |
in vitro, UVB-induced HaCaT | ↓ COX-2 expression, ensures protection of DNA damage, prevents the increase in ROS; ↑ levels of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, GPx and CAT |
[68] |
| Moringa concanensis (Moringaceae) | stem bark extract | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy, UVA/UVB absorption spectra | SPF 10.46 and broad absorption spectrum (UVA and UVB) ranges | [69] |
|
Oenanthe javanica (Apiaceae) |
EE | in vivo, UVB-exposed mouse | ↑ collagen types I and III productions; ↓ MMP-1 and MMP-3, TNF-α and COX-2 expression | [70] |
| Penthorum chinense (Penthoraceae) | EE | in vitro, HaCaT under UVB or H2O2 treatment | ↑ the promoter activity of the type 1 procollagen gene Col1A1; ↓ MMPs, COX-2, IL-6 expression and HYAL induced by UVB irradiation or H2O2-induced oxidative stress; ↓ phospho-p38 and phospho-JNK | [71] |
|
Pradosia mutisii (Sapotaceae) |
ME | in vitro, HaCaT, HDF under UVB or H2O2 treatment | ↓ MMP-1 and MMP-9; ↑ Sirt-1 |
[72] |
|
Posoqueria latifolia (Rubiaceae) |
flower, EE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 35, broad-spectrum (UVA-UVB) protection efficacy | [44] |
|
Ranunculus bulumei (Ranunculaceae) |
aerial part, ME |
in vitro, UVB-irradiated HaCaT | ↓ mRNA levels of MMP-9, COX-2; ↑mRNA levels of Sirt-1, type-1 procollagen; ↓ phospho-p38; inactivates AP-1 |
[73] |
|
Rosa centifolia (Rosacea) |
flower, EE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF value of 32, broad-spectrum (UVA-UVB) protection efficacy |
[44] |
|
Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) |
leaf, HE | in vivo, UV-irradiated rat | ↓ level of GSH, SOD, CAT; ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-kB; ↓ MMP-1, GM-CSF, NEP |
[74] |
|
Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae) |
EE | in vitro, HaCaT; in vivo, mouse exposed to UVB |
alleviate UVB-caused erythema in the skin; ↓ formation of 8-OHdG; recover the expression of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzyme proteins SOD and CAT; ↓ phospho-p38 and NF-κB expression |
[75] |
|
Sideritis raeseri (Lamiaceae) |
aerial part, WEE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | SPF 4.54–18.01 | [76] |
|
Sloanea medusula Sloanea calva (Elaeocarpaceae) |
leaf, EE | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy |
S. medusula, SPF 32.5 S. calva, SPF 35.4 |
[42] |
|
Spatholobus suberectus (Leguminosa) |
stem, WE, EE |
in vitro, HaCaT exposed to UVB | ↓ ROS production; block MAPK, NF-κB and c-Jun; ↑ Col1a1, ELN, HAS2 expression |
[77] |
| Syzygium formosum (Myrtaceae) | leaf, EE | in vitro, HaCaT exposed to UVB | ↓ IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-8 and COX-2 expression | [78] |
|
Silybum marianum (Asteraceae) |
sylimarin and flavonolignans | in vitro, SPF via UV spectroscopy | absorbs UVB and UVA; SPF 2.01–6.07 |
[79] |
|
Washingtonia filifera (Arecaceae) |
seed, EE, WE, ME | in vitro, H2O2-induced HaCaT; in vitro SPF via UV spectroscopy |
↓ ROS generation; SPF 1.52–3.35. |
[80] |
|
Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Rutaceae) |
sanshool, a major component | in vitro, UVB-irradiated HDF; in vivo, mouse |
↓ activation of JAK2-STAT3 signaling; ↓ MMP-1 and MMP-3 secretion |
[81] |
↓, inhibit/suppress/decrease; ↑, enhance/induce/increase; 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine; AP-1, activator protein 1; BE, buthanol extract; Col1a1, collagen type I alpha 1; EE, ethanol extract; ELN, elastin; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; HaCaT, human keratinocyte cell line; HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2; HDF, human dermal fibroblast cell line; HE, hexane extract; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; MCP-3, monocyte chemotactic protein-3; ME, methanol extract; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; NEP, neprilysin; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; NIH-3T3, skin fibroblast cells; NHEK, neonatal normal human epidermal keratinocytes; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Sirt-1, sirtuin 1; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; WAE, water/aceton extract; WE, water extract; WEE, water/ethanol extract; WME, water/methanol extract.