Table 2.
The impact of selected plant extracts and natural products of plant origin on skin regeneration and wound healing.
| Plant (Family) | Plant Material | Cell/Animal | Effect | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Agrimonia eupatoria (Rosaceae) |
WE | in vitro, NIH 3T3, HDF and HaCaT; in vivo, rat |
↑ ECM deposition, ↑ keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation; ↑ wound TS and contraction rates | [105] |
|
Angelica polymorpha (Umbelliferae) |
flower absolute | in vitro, HaCaT | ↑ cell migration, proliferation and collagen IV synthesis; ↑ phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, MAPK p38 and Akt | [106] |
|
Annona reticulata (Annonaceae) |
leaf, EE | in vitro, HaCaT | ↑ VEGF and Akt; ↑ cell migration and proliferation | [107] |
|
Astragalus floccosus (Leguminosae) |
root, ME | in vitro, NHDF; in vivo, rat |
↑ scratch wound healing, cell proliferation, fibrosis and epithelization | [108] |
|
Betula pendula (Betulaceae) |
bark, WE | in vitro, HaCaT | strong activities against S. aureus, C. acnes and S. epidermidis; ↑ wound closure |
[109] |
| Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae) | rhizome, EE | in vitro, HaCaT | ↑ ERK1/2 and Akt; ↑ cell migration and proliferation |
[110] |
|
Bursera morelensis (Burseraceae) |
terpenes α-pinene and α-phellandrene | in vivo, mouse | ↑ wound contraction due to collagen deposition from the early stages; provided better structure in scar tissue | [111] |
|
Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) |
WGE | in vitro, HaCaT | positively affected wound healing and cell migration | [112] |
|
Cumin carvi (Apiaceae) |
seed, WEE | in vivo, rat | healing effects: ↑ total protein content and biomechanical factors; ↑ re-epithelialization, granular tissue, connective tissue, collagen and angiogenesis index; ↓ inflammatory factors |
[113] |
|
Cyclopia spp. (Fabaceae) |
leaf and branch, WE, WEE | in vitro, HaCaT | ↑ cell migration | [61] |
|
Derris scandens (Fabaceae) |
stem, WE, EE | in vitro, HSF | ↑ cell migration and wound closure in a scratch assay | [114] |
|
Digitaria ciliaris (Poaceae) |
flower, EE | in vitro, CCD986sk HaCaT | ↑ cell proliferation and migration; ↑ collagen I and IV syntheses; ↑ phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK | [115] |
|
Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) |
bark, WE | in vitro, HaCaT | strong activities against S. aureus, C. acnes and S. epidermidis; ↑ wound closure | [109] |
|
Glycyrrihza glabra (Fabaceae) |
root, EE | in vivo, rat | ↑ collagen synthesis, ↑ α-SMA, PDGFR-α, FGFR1 and Cytokeratin 14 expression; ↑ angiogenesis and collagen deposition through up-regulation of bFGF, VEGF and TGF-β gene expression levels | [116] |
|
Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae) |
pericarp, EE | in vitro, 3T3-CCL92 | ↑ fibroblast proliferation and wound recovery | [117] |
|
Greyia radlkoferi (Melianthaceae) |
leaf, EE | in vitro, HaCaT | antibacterial activity against wound-associated bacteria (S. aureus) | [118] |
|
Hydrangea serrata (Hydrangeaceae) |
leaf, WE | in vitro, HaCaT | improved transcription levels of keratin Ker5, Ker6 and Ker16 | [119] |
|
Jatropha neopauciflora (Euphorbiaceae) |
latex | in vivo, normal and diabetic mouse | accelerated and improved the wound-healing process | [120] |
|
Nigella sativa (Ranunculaceae) |
seed, EE | in vitro, 3T3-CCL92 | ↑ cell proliferation and wound recovery | [117] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae) | leaf, HE | in vitro, HaCaT | ↑ migration and repopulation of keratinocytes at the scratched area and considerably narrowed the scratched gap | [74] |
|
Salix koreensis (Salicaceae) |
flower absolute | in vitro, HaCaT | ↑ cell proliferation, migration and collagen I and IV production; ↑ phosphorylation of Akt, JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK | [121] |
|
Sapindus mukorossi (Sapindaceae) |
kernel oil | in vitro, CCD-966SK | ↑ cell proliferation and migration; anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities; ↑ wound healing, ↓ size of the wound | [122] |
|
Sorocea guilleminina (Moraceae) |
leaf, WE | in vitro, N3T3; in vivo rat |
↑ cell proliferation/migration rate, ↑ wound contraction | [123] |
|
Ulmus parvifolia (Ulmaceae) |
root bark, ME | in vitro, HaCaT; in vivo, mouse |
↑ cell migration; upregulated the expression of the MMP-2 and -9 protein, ↑ TGF-β |
[124] |
| Plant material | Formulation | Cell/animal | Effect | Ref |
| Aloe vera | gel with EE | in vitro, HaCaT, HFF1; in vivo, rat |
↑ cell proliferation; promoted wound healing; accelerated re-epithelialization and wound contraction | [125] |
| Avicennia schaueriana | cream with leaf WE | in vivo, mouse | ↑ re-epithelialization and the number of fibroblasts, exhibiting a healing activity on skin injuries | [126] |
| Caralluma europaea | ointment with aerial part WEE | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound healing | [127] |
| Cassia obtusifolia | gel with aerial part EE | in vivo, rat and mouse | ↑ wound healing | [128] |
| Clematis simensis | ointment with leaf WEE | in vivo, mouse and rat | ↑ wound contraction and epithelialization; extract reduced inflammation and demonstrated antioxidant activity | [129] |
| Cnestis ferruginea | creams with root bark ME | in vivo, rat | ↓ wound size; affected the formation of well-regenerated tissue | [130] |
| Convolvulus arvensis | ointment with stem ME | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound closure; improved skin architecture; healing potential comparable to that of gentamycin | [131] |
| Centella asiatica | hydrogel with asiaticoside-rich fraction | in vivo, rabbit | ↑ wound healing | [132] |
| Cynara humilis | ointment with root WE and EE | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound contraction, epithelialization, ↑ collagen production; ↓ the number of inflammatory cells during wound healing | [133] |
| Epilobium angustifolium | hydrogel with EE, IE and WE | in vitro, HDF | ↑ wound healing; activity against S. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis, E.
faecium, S. lutea and B. pseudomycoides |
[94] |
| Ginkgo biloba | O/W cream with leaf WE | in vivo, diabetic rats | ↑ wound closure associated with increased collagen synthesis | [134] |
| Loranthus acaci | gel with aerial part EE | in vivo, rat and mouse | ↑ wound healing | [128] |
| Marantodes pumilum | ointment with leaf and root WE | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound healing; re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, fibronectin content and fibroblast cells, and fiber transformation from collagen III to I | [135] |
| Phlomis russeliana | gel with aerial part extract | in vivo, mouse | ↑ dermal and epidermal regeneration, collagen formation, ↑ TGF-β, VEGF and FGF levels | [136] |
|
Punica granatum, Matricaria chamomilla |
ointment with methanol fraction of pomegranate and chamomile flowers | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound healing; activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa of plant extracts |
[137] |
| Roylea elegans | cream with leaf WE | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound contraction formation of collagen, and tissue re-epithelialization; ↑ protein, GSH, SOD and CAT levels, ↓ MPO levels; ↑ IL-10, ↓ TNF-α and IL-6 | [138] |
| Tamarix aphylla | nanoemulsion W/O with leaf ME | in vivo, rabbit | ↑ acid-burn wound-healing process (improved cell attachment at the edge of the wound, collagen content), ↓ healing duration | [139] |
| Urtica simensis | ointment with leaf WME | in vivo, mouse | ↑ wound contraction, ↓ periods of epithelialization | [140] |
| Virola oleifera | cream with resin | in vivo, rat | ↑ wound contraction; ↓ LPO and protein oxidation |
[141] |
| Plant essential oils |
polysaccharide-based hydrogel with eucalyptus, ginger and cumin EO | in vitro, L929 cells; in vivo, mouse |
antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli; ↑ cell migration and improved burn wound healing | [142] |
| Cinnamaldehyde | nanoemulsion | in vivo, rat | ↓ wound size; ↑ CAT and SOD, ↓ NAP3; activity against S. aureus and S. typhimurium | [143] |
↓, inhibit/suppress/decrease; ↑, enhance/induce/increase; ECM, extracellular matrix; EE, ethanol extract; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HE, hexane extract; IE, isopropanol extract; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LPO, lipid peroxidation; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; ME, methanol extract; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NAP3, cytokine neutrophil-activating protein 3; PDGFR-α, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α; SMA, smooth muscle actin; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β; TS, tensile strength; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; WE, water extract; WEE, water/ethanol extract; WGE, water/glycerin extract; WME, water/methanol extract.