. 2023 Oct 22;24(20):15444. doi: 10.3390/ijms242015444

Table 4.

Selected plant species and their anti-tyrosinase properties.

Plant Species	Family	Part of Plant	Ref
Acanthus mollis	Acanthaceae	leaves	[192]
Aerva lanata	Amaranthaceae	aerial parts	[153]
Allium galanthum	Amaryllidaceae	bulbus	[193]
Allium turkestanicum	Amaryllidaceae	bulbus	[193]
Anacamptis pyramidalis	Orchidaceae	tubers	[194]
Anacardium occidentale	Anacardiaceae	leaves	[195]
Anacardium occidentale	Anacardiaceae	fruits	[196]
Andropogon virginicus	Poaceae	aerial parts	[197]
Angelica keiskei	Umbelliferae	leaves, roots	[198]
Arachis hypogaea	Fabaceae	peanut shell	[154]
Areca catechu	Palmaceae	fruits	[195]
Arctium minus	Asteraceae	flower heads, leaves, roots	[199]
Artemisia verlotiorum	Asteraceae	whole plant	[200]
Atractylodis macrocephalae	Asteraceae	rhizomes	[201]
Berberis thunbergii	Berberidaceae	leaves	[202]
Bergenia pacumbis	Saxifragaceae	plant and its rhizomes	[203]
Blepharis linariifolia	Acanthaceae	aerial parts	[204]
Bletilla striata	Orchidaceae	tubers, fibrous roots	[205]
Breynia retusa	Phyllanthaceae	leaves	[206]
Bridelia ferruginea	Phyllanthaceae	leaves, stem bark	[207]
Bruguiera gymnorhiza	Rhizophoraceae	leaves, roots, fruits	[158]
Cakile maritima	Brassicaceae	fruits, leaves, stems	[208]
Cannabis sativa	Cannabaceae	seeds	[169]
Carthamus tinctorius	Asteraceae	seeds	[209]
Celastrus hindsii	Celastracea	leaves	[210]
Cercis glabra	Fabaceae	leaves	[211]
Cladium mariscus	Cyperaceae	seeds	[212]
Clausena indica	Rutaceae	roots	[213]
Combretum micranthum	Combretaceae	leaves	[196]
Crotalaria burhia	Fabaceae	aerial parts, roots	[214]
Croton hirtus	Euphorbiaceae	aerial parts	[215]
Cudrania tricuspidata	Moraceae	fruits	[216]
Cytinus hypocistis	Cytinaceae	aerial parts	[217]
Dianella ensifolia	Liliaceae	roots	[218]
Dodonaea viscosa	Sapindaceae	stems	[219]
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Elaeagnaceae	fruits, leaves	[220]
Euphorbia hirta	Euphorbiaceae	whole plant	[196]
Feijoa sellowiana	Myrtaceae	leaves	[221]
Foeniculum vulgare	Apiaceae	seeds	[169]
Glochidion zeylanicum	Phyllanthaceae	leaves	[195]
Girardinia diversifolia	Urticaceae	shoot tips	[222]
Helichrysum rutilans	Asteraceae	aerial parts	[223]
Heliotropium procumbens	Boraginaceae	aerial parts	[224]
Heliotropium crispum	Boraginaceae	whole plant	[225]
Hibiscus tiliaceus	Malvaceae	leaves	[226]
Hypericum montbretii	Hypericaceae	aerial parts	[227]
Hypericum origanifolium	Hypericaceae	aerial parts	[227]
Iris pseudacorus	Iridaceae	aerial parts, rhizomes	[228]
Jatropha curcas	Euphorbiaceae	stems, bark, leaves	[229]
Jatropha gossipiifolia	Euphorbiaceae	stems, bark, leaves	[229]
Limonium effusum	Plumbaginaceae	aerial parts	[230]
Limonium sinuatum	Plumbaginaceae	aerial parts	[230]
Litchi chinensis	Sapindaceae	roots	[231]
Lonicera japonica	Caprifoliaceae	whole plant	[232]
Mangifera caloneura	Anacardiaceae	leaves	[195]
Manilkara kauki	Sapotaceae	fruits, leaves, seeds, stem bark, woods	[233]
Matthiola incana	Brassicacea	leaves, flower buds	[234]
Melastoma normale	Melastomacea	roots	[235]
Momordica cochinchinensis	Cucurbitacea	fruits (pulp, aril, seed)	[236]
Monotheca buxifolia	Sapotaceae	leaves, stems	[237]
Nelumbo nucifera	Nelumbonaceae	whole flower, stamen	[161]
Onosma bourgaei,	Boraginaceae	aerial parts	[238]
Onosma trachytricha	Boraginaceae	aerial parts	[238]
Paliurus spina-christi	Rhamnaceae	fruits, leaves, stems	[239]
Pistacia lentiscus	Anacardiaceae	leaves	[240]
Phaseolus vulgari	Fabaceae	seed coat	[241]
Phytolacca dioica	Phytolaccacea	fruits	[242]
Plectranthus ecklonii, P. namaensis, P. zuluensis	Lamiacea	aerial parts	[243]
Punica granatum	Punicaceae	seeds	[169]
Rheum palmatum	Polygonacea	roots, rhizomes	[244]
Rhizophora racemosa	Rhizophoraceae	leaves, stem bark	[245]
Rhizophora apiculata	Rhizophoraceae	leaves	[226]
Rhizophora mucronata	Rhizophoraceae	leaves	[226]
Rosa platyacantha	Rosaceae	flowers, leaves, buds	[246]
Rubus fraxinifolius	Rosaceae	leaves	[247]
Salvia chamelaeagnea,	Lamiacea	aerial parts	[243]
Salvia dolomitica	Lamiacea	aerial parts	[243]
Sartoria hedysaroides	Fabaceae	aerial parts	[248]
Schisandra chinensis	Schisandraceae	fruits	[249]
Secamone afzelii	Asclepiadaceae	leaves	[250]
Streblus taxoides	Moraceae	wood	[251]
Strobilanthes glutinosus	Acanthaceae	whole plant	[252]
Tambourissa peltat	Monimiaceae	fruits, flowers, leaves	[200]
Vitis amurensis	Vitaceae	root	[253]
Vitis vinifera	Vitaceae	seeds	[169]
Warburgia salutaris	Canellacea	barks	[167]
Zingiber kerrii	Zingiberaceae	rhizomes	[254]
Ziziphora taurica	Lamiaceae	aerial parts	[255]

The in vitro spectrophotometric enzyme tyrosinase inhibition assay was used to measure anti-tyrosinase activity, compared with kojic acid or β-arbutin as a reference tyrosinase inhibitor.