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. 2023 Oct 18;24(20):15314. doi: 10.3390/ijms242015314

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Essential amino acid (EAA) starvation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MC3T3-E1 cells. (A) MC3T3-E1 cells stained the total ROS after incubation for 24, 72, and 120 h and were photographed under a fluorescent microscope. (B–D) Total ROS levels at each time point relative to those in the +EAA group (control group). (E–G) Levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and their ratio in stimulated MC3T3-E1 cells incubated for 120 h. Scale bars: 100 μm. A significant increase compared with the control is described by ** p < 0.01, †† p < 0.01.