Figure 3.

Main effects of exposure to parabens on vertebrates. (A) Consequences of paraben exposure in zebrafish larvae. The blue arrow indicates the effects of paraben exposure on the larvae’s thyroid gland, resulting in a decrease in thyroid hormones (THs). The studied parabens are listed below the larva in order of toxicity: BuP > PP > EP > MP. (B) Impacts of paraben exposure on tadpoles. On the left side of the image, we can see water with high levels of propylparaben (PP). Tadpoles exposed to parabens in the water experience a significant mortality rate, as shown on the right side of the image. The decrease in PP levels in the water indicates that tadpoles absorb PP from the water, accumulating the substance in their bodies. This figure was made using the Canva platform. Legend: THs—thyroid hormones; BuP—butylparaben; PP—propylparaben; EP—ethylparaben; MP—methylparaben.