Figure 4.

mTOR activation pathway. Legend: The IGF1 pathway: the receptor for IGF-1 (insulin growth factor 1), IGF-R1, is associated with molecules such as Janus kinase 1, insulin receptor substrate, etc.; its activation results in the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which activates pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 and then AKT (protein kinase B) is activated. AKT can induce the activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-κB and transcriptional factor STAT3 and therefore induce the production of inflammatory cytokines and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin).