Table 1.

Therapies Targeting Specific Mechanisms in Celiac Disease Management.

Mechanism	Main Investigated Agent	Therapy Description
Gluten degradation	Latiglutenase (ALV003) [98,113]	Utilizes oral exogenous endopeptidases to more efficiently break down gluten proteins rich in glutamine and proline.
Gluten sequestration and neutralization	AGY (An oral egg yolk-derived anti-gliadin antibody) [101]	Engages in the preliminary neutralization and sequestration of gluten proteins before they undergo digestion, averting the generation of immunogenic peptides.
Enhancing intestinal epithelium integrity	Larazotide (AT1001)	A potential zonulin receptor antagonist aiming to fortify the epithelial barrier function by alleviating compromised tight junctions between epithelial cells
TG2 inhibition	ZED1227 [107,114]	An oral agent that selectively inhibits TG-2, a protein involved in the production of immunogenic peptides that are recognized by specific HLA markers on APCs
HLA-DQ2/8 binding	Analog peptides (molecules are currently in the preclinical research) [109,115]	A preclinical strategy that is focused on the development of analog peptides capable of strong binding to HLA-DQ2/8 without triggering inflammatory responses
Targeting IL-15	AMG714 [110]	A therapeutic strategy leveraging an anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody to potentially mitigate the inflammatory response central to CD pathogenesis
Gluten tolerance vaccine	Nexvax2 [116]	A vaccine strategy working to foster gluten tolerance by incorporating immunogenic gluten peptides derived from wheat, barley, and rye