Table 2.
Scarring induction and assessment methods of all included studies and their intervention groups. Multiple intervention groups within the same study are labelled with letters A–D. For commercially produced wrappers, the production company is depicted in brackets behind the material. The right two columns show the outcomes as assessed in the study with quantitative or descriptive assessment methods. Abbr.: PBS = phosphate-buffered saline, AA = ascorbic acid, HA = hyaluronic acid, PLA = polylactide, PCL = poly(ε-caprolactone), CMC = carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), PE = phosphatidylethanolamine.
| Author | Year | Group | Scarring Induction | Wrapping Material | Scar Assessment Method | Scar Prevention Quantitative Ass. |
Scar Prevention Descriptive Ass. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baltu et al. [27] | 2017 | A | Epineurectomy | Buccal mucosa graft | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), epineural scar density score | yes | yes |
| Dumanian et al. [13] | 1999 | A | Epineurectomy | Free fat grafts | Nerve stiffness | yes | yes |
| Finsterbush et al. [26] | 1982 | A | Crush injury, muscle cauterization | Semirigid 15 mm silicone tube, cut longitudinally | Desriptive histology | not described | yes |
| Görgülü et al. [14] | 1998 | A | External neurolysis | Collagen fibers soaked with aprotinin | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]) | yes | yes |
| B | Abrasive injury | Collagen fibers soaked with aprotinin | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]) | yes | yes | ||
| C | External neurolysis | Collagen fibers soaked with PBS | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]) | no | no | ||
| D | Abrasive injury | Collagen fibers soaked with PBS | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]) | no | no | ||
| Hernandez-Cortes et al. [25] | 2010 | A | Perineurectomy + muscle cauterization | Oxidized regenerated cellulose wrap | Connective tissue measurement | no | no |
| Kikuchi et al. [24] | 2020 | A | Muscle cauterization | E8002 wrapping (Kawasumi Laboratories Inc.) | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), optical scar density | yes | yes |
| B | Muscle cauterization | E8002 AA- wrapping (Kawasumi Laboratories Inc.) | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), optical scar density | no | no | ||
| Li et al. [23] | 2018 | A | Crush injury | Chitosan conduit | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), epineurium collagen density | yes | yes |
| B | Crush injury | HA gel | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), epineurium collagen density | yes | yes | ||
| C | Crush injury | Chitosan conduit + HA gel | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), epineurium collagen density | yes | yes | ||
| Murakami et al. [22] | 2014 | A | Chronic constriction injury by nerve ligation | Allogenic vein wrap | Descriptive histology | not described | yes |
| Ohsumi et al. [21] | 2005 | A | External/internal neurolysis + muscle cauterization | Viscous alginate sol | Biomechanical breaking strength, descriptive histology | yes | yes |
| Okui et al. et al. [16] | 2010 | A | Internal neurolysis + muscle cauterization | Honeycomb poly-lactide film | Descriptive histology, descriptive macroscopic adhesion strength | not described | yes |
| B | Internal neurolysis + muscle cauterization | Cast poly-lactide film | Descriptive macroscopic adhesion strength | not described | no | ||
| Özgenel et al. [20] | 2004 | A | Epineurectomy | Human amniotic membrane | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), scar thickness measurement | yes | yes |
| B | Epineurectomy | Human amniotic membrane + HA injection | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), scar thickness measurement | yes | yes | ||
| Petersen et al. [15] | 1996 | A | Internal neurolysis | ADCON-T/N gel (Gliatech, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), scar area measurement | yes | yes |
| B | Internal neurolysis | Control gel | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), scar area measurement | no | no | ||
| Shintani et al. [19] | 2018 | A | Muscle cauterization | PLA/PCL tube | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), biomechanical breaking strength, descriptive histology | yes | yes |
| B | Muscle cauterization | 1% HA | Adhesion score (Petersen et al. 1996 [15]), biomechanical breaking strength, descriptive histology | no | no | ||
| Smit et al. [18] | 2004 | A | External neurolysis | 1% HA | Biomechanical breaking strength | yes | yes |
| B | Crush injury | 1% HA | Biomechanical breaking strength | yes | yes | ||
| Yamamoto et al. [17] | 2010 | A | Internal neurolysis | 1% HA | Adhesion score, biomechanical breaking strength, descriptive scar area measurement | no | yes |
| B | Internal neurolysis | CMC-PE hydrogel, low viscosity | Adhesion score, biomechanical breaking strength, descriptive scar area measurement | yes | yes | ||
| C | Internal neurolysis | CMC-PE hydrogel, high viscosity | Adhesion score, biomechanical breaking strength, descriptive scar area measurement | yes | yes |