Table 1.
Randomized controlled trials (RCT) on patients with T2DM treated with SGLT2 inhibitors and observed effect on the biomarkers. Adapted and updated from Amjad et al. [54].
| Author and Year | SGLT2 Inhibitor | Effect on Biomarker Investigated | Main Observed Effect on Liver |
|---|---|---|---|
| Takahashi et al., 2022 [55] | Ipragliflozin | Liver biopsy—reduced liver fat content | Improved liver fibrosis and reduced liver fat deposition (improved NASH) |
| Latva-Rasku et al., 2019 [56] | Dapagliflozin | FGF21 reduction | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Eriksson et al., 2018 [57] | Dapagliflozin | MRI-assessed liver fat content (PDFF) CK18-M65 and CK18-M30 decreased |
Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Kuchay et al., 2018 [58] | Empagliflozin | MRI-assessed liver fat content (PDFF) reduced | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Shibuya et al., 2017 [59] | Luseogliflozin | CT obtained liver/spleen ratio reduced | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Ito et al., 2017 [60] | Ipragliflozin | FIB-4 index improved | Improved liver fibrosis |
| Shimizu et al., 2019 [53] | Dapagliflozin | Transient elastography (FibroScan)—CAP parameters improved | Improved liver fibrosis (preventing progression) |
| Takeshita et al., 2022 [22] | Tofogliflozin | FIB-4 index improved | Improved liver fibrosis |
| Kahl et al., 2020 [61] | Empagliflozin | Adiponectin increased Uric acid decreased |
Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Han et al., 2020 [62] | Ipragliflozin | Transient elastography (FibroScan)—CAP parameter and FLI improved | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Hayashi et al., 2017 [52] | Dapagliflozin | AST, ALT, HDL, and LDL values decreased | Improved liver function: AST and ALT decreased. Suppression of potent atherogenic sd LDL-C and increased favorable HDL2-C |
| Harreiter et al., 2021 [63] | Dapagliflozin | MRI-assessed liver fat content (PDFF), fatty liver index (FLI) has improved | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Bando et al., 2017 [64] | Ipragliflozin | ALT values decreased, Liver/spleen ratio increased | Improved liver function, reduced liver fat deposition |
| Kinoshita et al., 2020 [65] | Dapagliflozin | Liver/spleen ratio increased | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Chehrehgosha et al., 2021 [66] | Empagliflozin | Transient elastography (FibroScan)—CAP parameters improved | Reduced liver fat deposition |
| Yoneda et al., 2021 [67] | Tofogliflozin | MRI-assessed liver fat content (PDFF) reduced | Reduced liver fat deposition |
FGF21 = Fibroblast growth factor 21, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PDFF = Proton density fat fraction, CT = Computerized tomography, CAP = Controlled attenuation parameter, AST = Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT = Alanine aminotransferase, HDL = High-density lipoprotein, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, FLI = Fatty liver index.