Figure 3.

Polyamines prevent ovarian aging. Ovarian aging is associated with oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere loss, and autophagy, which are functionally correlated with each other. Spermidine may alleviate ovarian aging through various mechanisms, such as promoting autophagy, attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and preventing telomere shortening. AMPK: adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase. mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin. ULK1: human autophagy initiation protein 1. KITKG: KIT ligand. CAT: catalase. GPX4: recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4. GSH: L-glutathione. HO-1: heme oxygenase.