Table 2.
Phytochemical properties of foods identified as triggers or avoided by MOH and migraine patients.
| Foods | Food Content | Main Related Neurotransmitter | Flavonoids | SULT Inhibition | Additives ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bakery (bread, simit, etc.) | Wheat Yeast Egg Gluten |
Dopamine Histamine |
Apigenin | SULT1A1 | In packaged breads (Caramels, sorbic acid, propionic acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, stearol -2-lactylates, tartaric acid of mono and diglycerides of fatty acids esters, lactic acid) |
| Milk and milk products (Cheese, yoghurt, heavy cream, etc.) | Casein, whey Tyrosine Lactose Vitamins (A, B, D) Minerals (Ca, Mg, P…) |
Dopamine Histamine |
- | - | Carrageenan, Polyphosphates, Potassium sorbate, trisodium sorbate, calcium gluconate, sodium citrates, succinic acid, sucrose esters of fatty acids |
| Olives [12] | Fatty acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Synapic acid Vanillic acid Cyanidin-3 rutinosid |
Dopamine | Apigenin Luteolin Olueropein |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
- |
| Apple | Chlorogenic acid Pectin Ursolic acid Anthocyanin |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Apricot | Beta- carotene Carotenoids Ferulic acid Beta-sitosterol |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Banana | Caffeic acid Chlorogenic acid Carotenoids |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
- |
| Watermelon | Lycopene Cucurbitacin Citrulline Carotenoids Lutein |
Dopamine | Luteolin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Citrus | Ascorbic acid Limonoids Carotenoids Lutein Tangerine |
Dopamine | Hesperidin Naringin |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
- |
| Cherry | Caffeic acid Chlorogenic acid Anthocyanin Melatonin Ascorbic acid |
Dopamine | Quercetin | SULT1A1 | - |
| Strawberry [13] | Ellagitannins Anthocyanin |
Dopamine Histamine |
Quercetin Kaempferol Catechin Ficetin |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Grapefruit | Limonen Naringenin Lycopene Vitamins (A, B9, C…) |
Dopamine | Hesperidin Quercetin Apigenin |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
- |
| Red grapes | Ellagic acid Vitamins (C, K, B6, B9…) Minerals (Magnesium, Potassium…) |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol Catechin Resveratrol Apigenin |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
- |
| Pomegranate | Punicalagin Ellagic acid Anthocyanin Flavonoids Vitamins (C, K…) Minerals( Potassium, Calcium, Iron…) |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol Myricetin |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Tomatoes | Lycopene Carotenoids Malic acid Citric acid |
Dopamine Histamine |
Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Onion/Garlic | Sulfur, organosulfur compounds Saponins Allicin |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
- |
| Cabbage | Glucosinolates Sulphoraphane Indol- 3 carbinol Vitamins (vitamin C, B9…) Minerals (Calcium, Iron, Magnesium…) |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol Apigenin |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Spinach | Zeaxantine Carotenoids Vitamins (K, C, B9…) |
Histamine Dopamine |
Luteolin | SULT1A1 | - |
| Eggplant | Anthocyanin Chlorogenic acid Nicotine |
Histamine Dopamine |
Nasunin Quercetin Lutein Rutin |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Lentils | Phytoesterols Lignans |
Dopamine Histamine |
Quercetin Kaempferol Myricetin |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Nuts | Eflvanoids Proanthocyanidins Phytosterols Omega-3 fatty acids Alfa tocopherol |
Histamine Dopamine |
Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 | - |
| Canned foods | Acetic acid salts | It varies according to the type of food | Benzoic acid Sulfur dioxide Bisphenol A (BPA)- in tin cans |
||
| French fries [14] | Carotenoids Chlorogenic acid Caffeic acid |
Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 | May contain sodium bisulfite, nitrite, nitrate if it is frozen | |
| Ketchup | Lycopene Carotenoids Malic acid Citric acid Lactic acid |
Dopamine Histamine |
Benzoic acid, tartrazine, modified cornstarch Xanthan gum Guar gum |
||
| Mayonnaise | Egg Yoghurt Garlic Olive oil |
Dopamine Histamine |
Sodium benzoate, benzoic acid Potassium sorbate Ethylene diamine tetra acetates (EDTA) Sulfur dioxide Carrageenan Colorants Modified cornstarch Sorbic acid Xanthan gum |
||
| Soy sauce | Soybean (Phytosterol, flavonoids, saponin) Wheat Salt Vinegar |
Dopamine Histamine |
Apigenin Luteolin |
SULT1A1 | Monosodium glutamate (MSG) Citric acid |
| Mustard [15] | Mustard seed (glucosinolate, sinigrin, Sulphoraphane, isothiocyanates, phenolic acids, flavonoids) Salt Vinegar High fructose syrup |
Dopamine Histamine |
Quercetin Kaempferol Catechin Myricetin |
Sodium benzoate, sodium metabisulfite Carrageenan Colorants Modified cornstarch Sorbic acid Xanthan gum |
|
| Beer [16] | Barley (Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Saponarin, Kutonarin, Superoxide dismutase (SOD), GABA, Tryptophan) Malt Gluten Yeast Ethanol |
Dopamine | Quercetin Kaempferol Myricetin |
SULT1A1 | Carbon dioxide Congener Benzoic acid, benzoates Sorbic acid, sorbates Sulfur dioxide Lactic acid Caramels Propane-1-2- diol alginate |
| Red wine [12] | Red grape Ethanol Yeast Tannin |
Dopamine Histamine |
Epicatechin gallate Resveratrol |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
Carbon dioxide Congener Benzoic acid, benzoates Sorbic acid, sorbates Phosphoric acid Sucrose esters of fatty acids Synthetic colorants |
| White wine | White grape [17] Ethanol Yeast Tannin |
Dopamine Histamine |
Naringenin Anthocyanin |
SULT1A1 | Carbon dioxide Benzoic acid, benzoates Sorbic acid, sorbates Phosphoric acid Sucrose esters of fatty acids Synthetic colorants |
| Rakı [18] | Pimpinella anisum Ethanol Tannin |
Dopamine | Quercetin Luteolin Izoretientin Izovitexin |
SULT1A1 | Sulphite |
| Chocolate/Cocoa | Cocoa mass Egg products Gluten Sugar Butter oil (from milk) Palm oil |
Dopamine | Quercetin Vanillin |
SULT1A1 | Soy lecithin Polyglycerol polyricinoleate |
| Coffee | Caffeic acid Quinic acid Chlorogenic acid |
Dopamine | Trigonelline (coffee beans) | SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
Dipotassium phosphate Sodium polyphosphate Silicon dioxide Pentasodiumtriphosphate Acacia gum Sodium aluminum silicate |
| Carmosine [12] (Red food dye) |
Dopamine | SULT1A1 | Synthetic colorant, E122 | ||
| Artificially sweetened snacks | It may contain palm oil, gluten, cocoa, cream, sugar depending on the product. | Tartrazine, Brilliant blue FCF, carmosine, Green S Aspartame Sucralose Neohesperidin C |
|||
| Meat/Chicken Bouillon | Salt, sugar, beef fat, dried chicken meat, chicken fat, parsley, soybean oil, whey, sodium caseinate | Monosodium glutamate (MSG), Corn starch, hydrolyzed corn protein, autolyzed yeast extract, disodium inosinate, disodium guanylate, citric acid, onion powder, yellow 5, yellow 6, Anotta | |||
| Packaged juice | Apple, apricot, cherry, watermelon, etc. Sodium salt Potassium salt High fructose syrup |
Dopamine Histamine |
Hesperidin Quercetin Kaempferol |
SULT1A1 SULT1A3 |
Acesulfame KA Acesulfame K Aspartame Saccharin Sucralose Carboxy methyl cellulose Sorbic acid, sorbates |
**: The food additives have been written based on the Turkish Food Codex.