Table 3.
Anti-inflammatory substances derived from jellyfish and shellfish.
| Marine Source |
Species | Bioactive Compounds/ Extracts/Purified |
Model | Anti-Inflammatory Activity | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jellyfish | Rhopilema esculentum | Skin polysaccharide and monosaccharide composition analysis. | DDS-induced colitis mice model. |
Reduces MPO activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO levels. Downregulates NF-κB at 50 and 100 mg/kg bodyweight. | [101] |
|
Nemopilema nomurai Penicillium chrysogenum J08NF-4 |
Bile acid derivates and monoterpene purified from fungal strain through HPLC. |
LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. |
Suppresses production of cytokines. Activates PPARγ-mediated NF-κB inhibition at 10 to 50 µM. | [102,103] | |
| Shellfish |
Perna viridis (Green mussel) |
Peptide (EGLLGDVF) purified of about 850 Da. | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. |
Suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines. Downregulates iNOS and COX-2. |
[107] |
|
Mytilus edulis (Blue mussel) |
Peptide fraction obtained from enzyme hydrolysate. | LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. |
Inhibits the NF-κB/MPAK signaling pathway at concentration ranges from 50 to 200µg/mL. |
[108] | |
|
Mytilus coruscus (Korean hard-shelled mussel) |
Peptide (GVSLLGGPPL) purified and characterized from enzyme hydrolysate. |
LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. |
Reduces NO production. | [109] | |
|
Mytilus coruscus (Korean hard-shelled mussel) |
Lipid extract (HMLE). |
Adjuvant-induced and collagen-induced arthritis. | Suppresses markers of inflammation such as LTB4, PGE2 and TXB2 in ankle joint synovial fluid. | [112] | |
|
Mytilus coruscus (Korean hard-shelled mussel) |
Lipid extract (HMLE) and analyzed by gas chromatography. |
LPS-challenged MS Dowley rats model using adjuvant-induced arthritis as positive control. | Increases the production of IL-10 and suppresses IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α via downregulation of TLR-4 signaling pathways at 100mg/kg body weight. |
[111] | |
|
Mytilus coruscus (Korean hard-shelled mussel) |
α-d-Glucan (MP-A) purified by chromatography obtained. |
THP1 differentiated by PMA and then stimulated by LPS. | Inhibits cytokine production, downregulates iNOS and COX-2 and inhibits TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway at 10 to 200 µg/mL. |
[110] | |
|
Perna canaliculus (Green-lipped mussel) |
Oil fraction (GLMO) purified form obtained. |
LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. |
Inhibits iNOS and COX-2. Downregulates cytokine gene expression via NF-κB/MAPK pathway at 50 to 300 µg/mL. |
[113] | |
| Meretrix meretrix (Clam) | Peptide (HK and GQCC) purified from enzyme hydrolysate through HPLC. | Human blood in vitro assays, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and zebrafish. | Inhibits NO, NO, TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2 at 50 to 250 µg/mL. | [115] | |
|
Haliotis discus hannai (Mollusk) |
Peptide purified and characterized of approximately 1234.41 Da. | PMA-challenged human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells. |
Inhibits MMPs expression via modulation of MAPK and NF-κB pathway at 50 and 100 µM. | [116] |