Table 4.

Anti-inflammatory compounds derived from peanut worms.

Marine Source	Species	Bioactive Compounds/Extracts/ Purified	Model	Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Dose	Ref.
Peanut worms	Sipunculus nudus	Hot water extract.	Carragenan-induced rat paw oedema model, DSS-induced rat paw oedema model, etc.	Paw edema is reduced by 50–60% within 4h in the test models at concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight.	[120]
	Phascolosoma esculenta	Oligosaccharide was purified from body wall by enzymatic hydrolysis Sephadex column chromatography. Characterized by mass spec.	Anti-inflammatory mice sepsis model used through intraperitoneal injection of E. coli.	Reduces IL1β and TNFα and enhanced anti-oxidant enzyme activity at a dose of 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight	[123]
	Sipunculus nudus	Anti-inflammatory peptides were purified from peanut worm powder through enzymatic as well as HPLC and sequenced by Q-TOF-ESI-MS/MS. Same peptides were synthesized in the laboratory.	LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.	Reduces IL1β and TNFα, and also decreases the expression of iNOS. Decreases the level of NO production at dose ranges from 30 to 120 mM.	[121]
	Sipunculus nudus	Collagen peptides were purified from coelomic wall by enzyme hydrolysis and then characterized through SDS and FTIR. Amino acid composition and molecular weight distribution were also determined.	In vitro and in vivo wound healing models were tested.	Enhances wound healing by reducing excessive inflammation in skin of mice through decreasing IL1β and TNFα by using SNCP ointment (2 g/mL).	[122]