Table 3.
Effects of mushroom DF on the gut microbiota and SCFAs.
| DF Source | Model | Gut Microbiota Regulation | SCFA Generation | Effect on Host | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pleurotus eryngii | HFD-induced obese rat | The relative abundances of Roseburia and Lactobacillus ↓, the relative abundances of Anaerostipes, Clostridium and Lactococcus ↑. |
Increased the concentrations of total SCFAs. |
Reduced BW gain, adipose tissue weight, FBG level; the expression of FASN and ACC. |
[116] |
| Pleurotus eryngii | HFD-fed mice | The relative abundances of Methylobacterium and Lactobacillus ↑, the relative abundances of unidentified_Lachnospiraceae and Helicobacter ↓. | Increased the content of SCFAs, including acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. |
Decreased the weight, promoted the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, reduced the risks of many chronic diseases. | [53] |
| Agaricus blazei Murrill | Hyperlipidemia rats | The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓; the abundance of Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelaceae, and Clostridium ↑. |
Nm | Regulated dyslipidemia in rats with hyperlipidemia possibly by regulating imbalance in the intestinal microflora. | [117] |
| Hericium caput-medusae | One-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers | The count of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria ↑, the count of acecum Escherichia coli ↓. | Increased the concentration of propionic acid. | Decreased cholesterol content in broiler chickens. | [118] |
| Flammulina velutipes | Male C57BL/6 J mice | The relative abundance of some beneficial bacteria ↑, such as Akkermansia and Prevotellaceae UCG-001; the relative abundance of some harmful bacteria ↓, such as Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Desulfovibrio. |
Nm | Reduced the weight gain, triglycerides and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; increased the activity of enzymes related to scavenging ability of oxygen free radicals. |
[119] |
| Flammulina velutipes | Mice | The relative abundance of Firmicutes ↓, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes ↑; the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓. |
Increased the concentrations of total SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyric acid. |
Suppressed obesity and immune regulation. | [101] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | C57BL/6NCrlBltw genetic lineage mice | The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria ↓. |
Nm | Reduced body weight gain, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance in obese individuals. | [120] |
| Poria cocos | C57BL/6J mice | The relative abundance of Lachnospiracea, Clostridium ↑. | Increased butyrate levels. | Activated the intestinal PPAR-γ pathway, modulated gut microbiota to improve hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. | [121] |
| Agaricus bisporus | Human | The relative abundance of Firmicutes ↑, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes ↓. | Increased the concentrations of acetic acid and propionic acid. | Increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, exhibited an effective prebiotic regulation function on human gut microbiota. | [105] |
| Cordyceps militaris | Liver and kidney injury induced by lead acetate in mice | The relative abundance of Clostridium and Bacteroidetes ↑, the relative abundance of Firmicutes ↓. |
Nm | Reduced the Pb2+ content and organ index of liver and kidney in mice, had a protective effect on organs against damage in mice. | [122] |
| Pleurotus eryngii | C57BL/6 male mice | The relative abundances of Firmicutes ↓, Bacteroidetes ↑ |
Increased the concentrations of Acetate and Propionate. |
Regulated the host immune function effectively. | [123] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Chronic pancreatitis mice | The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes ↓ and that of Firmicutes ↑; at the genus level, the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Lachnospira ↑. |
Nm | Indicated beneficial effects on pancreas fibrosis, and impeded an inflammatory response. | [124] |
| Dictyophora indusiata | Antibiotic-induced intestinal microflora disorder in mice | Beneficial bacteria ↑, including Lactobacilli and Ruminococcaceae; harmful bacteria ↓, such as Enterococcus, Bacteroides, and Proteobacteria. |
Nm | Enhanced the restoration of gut microbiota and gut barrier integrity, reduce the inflammation and endotoxin levels in mice. | [125] |
| Coprinus comatus | Human | The relative abundances of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium ↑, the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓. |
Increased the production of propionic acid and butyric acid. | Demonstrated potential prebiotic effects. | [50] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | C57BL/6J mice | The relative abundances of Actinobacteria at the family level, and Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus spp. ↑. | Nm | Improved low-grade chronic inflammation, ectopic lipid accumulation, and systemic insulin sensitivity. | [126] |
| Hericium erinaceus | Mice | The relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae and Akkermansiaceae ↑, the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae and Bacteroidaceae ↓. | Nm | Promoted the production of NO, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, and TNF-α. | [127] |
| Auricularia auricular | ICR mice | The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓, the relative abundance of Porphyromoadaceae and Bacteroidaceae ↑. | Increased the concentration of total SCFAs and propanoic acid. | Increased microbial community diversity, and increased the immunoglobulin levels in mouse serum. | [128] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | DSS-induced colitis male Wistar rats |
The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Paraprevotella, etc. ↑, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Escherichia, etc. ↓. |
Increased total SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. |
Enhanced the immunity and reduced inflammatory response and colonic cancer risk. | [129] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | BALB/C mice | The ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ↓, the relative abundance of Alistipes ↑. | Nm | Demonstrated tumor-suppressing activity in mice. | [130] |
| Ganoderma lucidum | BALB/c mice | The relative abundance of Oscillospira and unknown genus of Desulfovibrionaceae ↓. | Nm | Prevented colon from shortening and reduced mortality by 30% of mortality in CRC mice. | [131] |
Note: HFD: high-fat diet; BW: body weight; FBG: fasting blood glucose; FASN: fatty acid synthase; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; CRC: colorectal cancer; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease.