a	length of the suspended section of the pipeline
Cn	normal drag coefficient
Ct	tangential drag coefficient
D	outer diameter of the steel part of the pipeline
E	Young’s modulus
EI	flexural rigidity of the pipeline
Fn	normal environmental loading in the section of pipeline
Ft	tangential environmental loading in the section of pipeline
f 0	ovality
fu	tensile strength to be used in design
fy	yield stress to be used in design
IDstress	inner diameter of stress
M	bending moment of the section of pipeline
N	axial force in the section of pipeline
ODstress	outer diameter of stress
p 0	external pressure
pi	internal pressure
pmin	minimum internal pressure
q	gravity of unit length of the pipeline in the sea
Q	shear force in the section of pipeline
s	length of the pipeline
t1	pipeline wall thickness
t2	thickness of coating layer
u	transverse displacement of the pipeline
v	axial displacement of the pipeline
Vc	velocity of ocean current
αfab	fabrication factor
αpm	plastic moment reduction factor for point loads
γm	material resistance factor
γsc	safety class resistance factor
ρ s	density of seawater
θ	inclination angle of the section of pipeline
σ 1	axial stress
σ 2	radial stress
σ 3	hoop stress