Figure 1.

Schematic diagram depicting the influence of GM dysbiosis on the gut–organ axis. GM dysbiosis leads to the degradation of mucin, disrupts the gut’s protective barrier, increases its permeability, and enables pathogenic microorganisms, along with their by-products and endotoxins, to infiltrate. This invasion results in the activation of immune cells and triggers systemic inflammation through the peripheral circulation. The impact of GM dysbiosis extends beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Recent research indicates two-way interactions between the GM and various organs, emphasizing the idea of a “gut–organ axis”. This communication is facilitated through a range of signalling pathways and direct interactions between the host and the GM. Arrows indicate a bidirectional relationship between the gut and each organ. Parts of the figure were drawn using pictures from Servier Medical Art. Servier Medical Art by Servier is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ accessed on 25 August 2023).