Table 3.

Main dysbiotic events that occur in GM during the onset and progression of liver diseases.

Liver Disease	Main Dysbiotic Events in GM	Reference
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)	-The most common alterations observed in NAFLD and NASH patients include an increase in the Bacteroidetes phylum, colonisation by pro-inflammatory Proteobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia, and a decrease in Firmicutes (including Prevotella and Faecalibacterium species) -The types of GM dysbiosis in NAFLD patients vary by geographic region and gender	[95,98,99,101]
Cirrhosis	-The dysbiotic GM in cirrhosis describes an overrepresentation of pathogenic bacteria and fungi such as Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Enterobacteriaceae and a decrease in beneficial populations such as Lachnospiraceae -GM dysbiosis can be used as a prognostication tool for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis -Gut dysbiosis in cirrhosis may pathologically contribute to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatic encephalopathy -Gut dysbiosis and its expansion to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) are observed in patients with cirrhosis and are reported to be more prevalent in patients with advanced cirrhosis	[105,106,107,110,111,113]
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	-GM can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker to diagnose HCC, particularly with respect to the overgrowth of Escherichia coli that may contribute to the formation of HCC -The dysbiosis degree associated with primary HCC increases as the malignancy develops	[116,119,121,122]