Table 5.

Main dysbiotic events that occur in GM during the onset and progression of heart diseases.

Heart Disease	Main Dysbiotic Events	Reference
Hypertension	-In individuals with hypertension, there was a reduction in beneficial bacteria, including Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, Coprococcus, and Butyrivibrio, whereas elevated levels of Veillonella, Prevotella, and Klebsiella were observed -In patients with hypertension, there was an increased abundance of Parabacteroides johnsonii, Eubacterium siraeum, and Alistipes finegoldii, whereas butyrate-producing Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was notably reduced in the hypertensive group	[198,199,202,204]
Atherosclerosis (AS)	-GM may be a potential source of atherosclerotic bacteria and therefore likely plays a role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease -The GM of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease patients displayed an increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus spp. -In patients with symptomatic atherosclerosis, there was an increased relative abundance of the genus Collinsella in their faecal samples	[207,209,210]
Heart failure (HF)	-Patients with chronic HF were colonised by more pathogenic bacteria, including Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia, and there was a reduction in SCFA-producing bacteria such as Eubacterium rectale and Dorea longicatena compared to healthy controls